biostudies-literatureFeike DBill & Melinda Gates FoundationBill and Melinda Gates FoundationBiotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council2234-2245https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC6835126biostudies-literatureUnknown17(12)Plant synthetic biology and cereal engineering depend on the controlled expression of transgenes of interest. Most engineering in plant species to date has relied heavily on the use of a few, well-established constitutive promoters to achieve high levels of expression; however, the levels of transgene expression can also be influenced by the use of codon optimization, intron-mediated enhancement and varying terminator sequences. Most of these alternative approaches for regulating transgene expression have only been tested in small-scale experiments, typically testing a single gene of interest. It is therefore difficult to interpret the relative importance of these approaches and to design engineering strategies that are likely to succeed in different plant species, particularly if engineerPlant biotechnology journalCharacterizing standard genetic parts and establishing common principles for engineering legume and cereal roots.PMC6835126BB/K003712/10PP1028264BB/K003712/2BBS/E/J/000PR9789BBS/E/J/000CA491BB/L011476/2BBS/OS/GC/000013CHarwood WAKorolev AVRogers CSoumpourou ERadutoiu SBreakspear AStougaard JOldroyd GEDMurakami EFeike DReid DMiller JBfalseCharacterizing standard genetic parts and establishing common principles for engineering legume and cereal roots.Plant synthetic biology and cereal engineering depend on the controlled expression of transgenes of interest. Most engineering in plant species to date has relied heavily on the use of a few, well-established constitutive promoters to achieve high levels of expression; however, the levels of transgene expression can also be influenced by the use of codon optimization, intron-mediated enhancement and varying terminator sequences. Most of these alternative approaches for regulating transgene expression have only been tested in small-scale experiments, typically testing a single gene of interest. It is therefore difficult to interpret the relative importance of these approaches and to design engineering strategies that are likely to succeed in different plant species, particularly if engineer2019-01-01T00:00:00Z2019 Dec2026-03-17T13:37:39.021Z2020-05-21T16:35:17ZS-EPMC68351263102232410.1111/pbi.13135