biostudies-literatureUnknown29(7)Contosta ARNortheastern States Research CooperativeLintilhac FoundationDavis Conservation FoundationCanaday Family Charitable TrustWinter is an understudied but key period for the socioecological systems of northeastern North American forests. A growing awareness of the importance of the winter season to forest ecosystems and surrounding communities has inspired several decades of research, both across the northern forest and at other mid- and high-latitude ecosystems around the globe. Despite these efforts, we lack a synthetic understanding of how winter climate change may impact hydrological and biogeochemical processes and the social and economic activities they support. Here, we take advantage of 100 years of meteorological observations across the northern forest region of the northeastern United States and eastern Canada to develop a suite of indicators that enable a cross-cutting understanding of (1) how winter Ecological applications : a publication of the Ecological Society of Americae01974https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC6851584biostudies-literatureNorthern forest winters have lost cold, snowy conditions that are important for ecosystems and human communities.PMC6851584Thornbrugh CGarlick SEimers CFernandez INelson SJTempler PBurakowski EAFuss CCasson NJEvans CContosta ARAyres MPCampbell JCreed IHuntington TSon KSanders-DeMott RPatel KfalseNorthern forest winters have lost cold, snowy conditions that are important for ecosystems and human communities.Winter is an understudied but key period for the socioecological systems of northeastern North American forests. A growing awareness of the importance of the winter season to forest ecosystems and surrounding communities has inspired several decades of research, both across the northern forest and at other mid- and high-latitude ecosystems around the globe. Despite these efforts, we lack a synthetic understanding of how winter climate change may impact hydrological and biogeochemical processes and the social and economic activities they support. Here, we take advantage of 100 years of meteorological observations across the northern forest region of the northeastern United States and eastern Canada to develop a suite of indicators that enable a cross-cutting understanding of (1) how winter 2019-01-01T00:00:00Z2019 Oct2026-05-07T17:20:54.813Z2020-05-21T19:09:02ZS-EPMC68515843131067410.1002/eap.1974