biostudies-literature00450Unknown9(3)Hakim MSVirus-specific T cell-mediated immunity is severely impaired in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) patients. HBV-specific T cells in chronic HBV patients show a low ability to produce cytokines and to exert their cytotoxic activity. A prominent characteristic of these exhausted T cells is overexpression of inhibitory receptor molecules which negatively regulate T cell function. In this study, we examined <i>in vitro</i> regulation of two inhibitory receptor expressions, programmed death 1 (PD-1) and T cell immunoglobulin mucin domain-containing molecule 3 (TIM-3). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from healthy individuals were <i>in vitro</i> stimulated with a panel of cytokines. PD-1 and TIM-3 expression levels on CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells were examined at days 2 and 7 post stimulation. We demonstrated that PD-1 and TIM-3 were induced via polyclonal (anti-CD3) and cytokine (interleukin 15 [IL-15]) stimulations. Noteworthy, there was a significantly increased induction of TIM-3 on CD8⁺ T cells as compared to CD4⁺ T cells. Our study thus contributes to further understanding the regulation of T cell exhaustion markers PD-1 and TIM-3.American journal of clinical and experimental immunology10-21https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC7364376biostudies-literatureInterleukin 15 upregulates the expression of PD-1 and TIM-3 on CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells.PMC7364376Hakim MSJariah ROASpaan MBoonstra A45falseInterleukin 15 upregulates the expression of PD-1 and TIM-3 on CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells.Virus-specific T cell-mediated immunity is severely impaired in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) patients. HBV-specific T cells in chronic HBV patients show a low ability to produce cytokines and to exert their cytotoxic activity. A prominent characteristic of these exhausted T cells is overexpression of inhibitory receptor molecules which negatively regulate T cell function. In this study, we examined <i>in vitro</i> regulation of two inhibitory receptor expressions, programmed death 1 (PD-1) and T cell immunoglobulin mucin domain-containing molecule 3 (TIM-3). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from healthy individuals were <i>in vitro</i> stimulated with a panel of cytokines. PD-1 and TIM-3 expression levels on CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells were examined at days 2 and 7 post stimulation. We demonstrated that PD-1 and TIM-3 were induced via polyclonal (anti-CD3) and cytokine (interleukin 15 [IL-15]) stimulations. Noteworthy, there was a significantly increased induction of TIM-3 on CD8⁺ T cells as compared to CD4⁺ T cells. Our study thus contributes to further understanding the regulation of T cell exhaustion markers PD-1 and TIM-3.2020-01-01T00:00:00Z20202024-11-21T06:00:09.783Z2020-11-19T16:52:37ZS-EPMC736437632704430