biostudies-literatureCarter MEHHS | NIH | National Institute of General Medical SciencesNCRR NIH HHSUSDA | National Institute of Food and AgricultureNSF | BIO | Division of Integrative Organismal SystemsNIGMS NIH HHS17122-17129https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC7382252biostudies-literatureUnknown117(29)Symbioses of bacteria with fungi have only recently been described and are poorly understood. In the symbiosis of <i>Mycetohabitans</i> (formerly <i>Burkholderia</i>) <i>rhizoxinica</i> with the fungus <i>Rhizopus microsporus</i>, bacterial type III (T3) secretion is known to be essential. Proteins resembling T3-secreted transcription activator-like (TAL) effectors of plant pathogenic bacteria are encoded in the three sequenced <i>Mycetohabitans</i> spp. genomes. TAL effectors nuclear-localize in plants, where they bind and activate genes important in disease. The Burkholderia TAL-like (Btl) proteins bind DNA but lack the N- and C-terminal regions, in which TAL effectors harbor their T3 and nuclear localization signals, and activation domain. We characterized a Btl protein, Btl19-13, and fProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of AmericaA TAL effector-like protein of an endofungal bacterium increases the stress tolerance and alters the transcriptome of the host.PMC7382252S10 RR025502IOS-1261004R01GM098861R01 GM0988612018-67011-28015Sabol MRRinaldi FCPawlowska TEDubrow ZEBogdanove AJCarpenter SCDMondo SJCarter MELastovetsky OAfalseA TAL effector-like protein of an endofungal bacterium increases the stress tolerance and alters the transcriptome of the host.Symbioses of bacteria with fungi have only recently been described and are poorly understood. In the symbiosis of <i>Mycetohabitans</i> (formerly <i>Burkholderia</i>) <i>rhizoxinica</i> with the fungus <i>Rhizopus microsporus</i>, bacterial type III (T3) secretion is known to be essential. Proteins resembling T3-secreted transcription activator-like (TAL) effectors of plant pathogenic bacteria are encoded in the three sequenced <i>Mycetohabitans</i> spp. genomes. TAL effectors nuclear-localize in plants, where they bind and activate genes important in disease. The Burkholderia TAL-like (Btl) proteins bind DNA but lack the N- and C-terminal regions, in which TAL effectors harbor their T3 and nuclear localization signals, and activation domain. We characterized a Btl protein, Btl19-13, and f2020-01-01T00:00:00Z2020 Jul2026-05-04T23:43:56.731Z2020-11-07T10:08:21ZS-EPMC73822523263201410.1073/pnas.2003857117