biostudies-literatureFilipovic DAustrian Science Fund FWFDeutsche ForschungsgemeinschaftLandesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt – Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte HallePolish National Science CentreÖsterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften13698https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC7426858biostudies-literatureUnknown10(1)Broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is not one of the founder crops domesticated in Southwest Asia in the early Holocene, but was domesticated in northeast China by 6000 BC. In Europe, millet was reported in Early Neolithic contexts formed by 6000 BC, but recent radiocarbon dating of a dozen 'early' grains cast doubt on these claims. Archaeobotanical evidence reveals that millet was common in Europe from the 2nd millennium BC, when major societal and economic transformations took place in the Bronze Age. We conducted an extensive programme of AMS-dating of charred broomcorn millet grains from 75 prehistoric sites in Europe. Our Bayesian model reveals that millet cultivation began in Europe at the earliest during the sixteenth century BC, and spread rapidly during the fifteenth/fourteenScientific reportsNew AMS ¹⁴C dates track the arrival and spread of broomcorn millet cultivation and agricultural change in prehistoric Europe.PMC74268582901391021. SFB 12662015/17/B/HS3/00114Sto 720/4-2, 3FWF I-16932014/15/D/HS3/01304Klooß SPospieszny LFilipovic DHellmund MRennwanz JTolar TPashkevich GBittmann FMercuri AMDreslerova DMarkle TNisbet RWasylikowa KKohler-Schneider MMakarowicz PKapcia MPerego RHeiss AGMeadows JBosi GStika HPMueller-Bieniek AZerl TAkeret OCorso MDJahns SStobbe ACiuta BJakobitsch TPokorny PAlsleben AReed KKirleis WKroll HGyulai FMedovic AMarinova EWiethold JEffenberger HPrzybyla MfalseNew AMS ¹⁴C dates track the arrival and spread of broomcorn millet cultivation and agricultural change in prehistoric Europe.Broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) is not one of the founder crops domesticated in Southwest Asia in the early Holocene, but was domesticated in northeast China by 6000 BC. In Europe, millet was reported in Early Neolithic contexts formed by 6000 BC, but recent radiocarbon dating of a dozen 'early' grains cast doubt on these claims. Archaeobotanical evidence reveals that millet was common in Europe from the 2nd millennium BC, when major societal and economic transformations took place in the Bronze Age. We conducted an extensive programme of AMS-dating of charred broomcorn millet grains from 75 prehistoric sites in Europe. Our Bayesian model reveals that millet cultivation began in Europe at the earliest during the sixteenth century BC, and spread rapidly during the fifteenth/fourteen2020-01-01T00:00:00Z2020 Aug2026-07-16T03:31:29.298Z2025-04-19T23:39:56.731ZS-EPMC74268583279256110.1038/s41598-020-70495-z