biostudies-literatureSteel ANIMH internal research programIntramural NIH HHSRoyal SocietyWellcome Trust95-105https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC7612345biostudies-literatureUnknown189Reward and punishment shape behavior, but the mechanisms underlying their effect on skill learning are not well understood. Here, we tested whether the functional connectivity of premotor cortex (PMC), a region known to be critical for learning of sequencing skills, is altered after training when reward or punishment is given during training. Resting-state fMRI was collected in two experiments before and after participants trained on either a serial reaction time task (SRTT; n = 36) or force-tracking task (FTT; n = 36) with reward, punishment, or control feedback. In each experiment, training-related change in PMC functional connectivity was compared across feedback groups. In both tasks, we found that reward and punishment differentially affected PMC functional connectivity. On the SRTT, NeuroImageDifferential impact of reward and punishment on functional connectivity after skill learning.PMC7612345203139/Z/16/ZZIA MH002893102584102584/Z/13/ZZIA-MH002893Stagg CJBaker CISteel ASilson EHfalseDifferential impact of reward and punishment on functional connectivity after skill learning.Reward and punishment shape behavior, but the mechanisms underlying their effect on skill learning are not well understood. Here, we tested whether the functional connectivity of premotor cortex (PMC), a region known to be critical for learning of sequencing skills, is altered after training when reward or punishment is given during training. Resting-state fMRI was collected in two experiments before and after participants trained on either a serial reaction time task (SRTT; n = 36) or force-tracking task (FTT; n = 36) with reward, punishment, or control feedback. In each experiment, training-related change in PMC functional connectivity was compared across feedback groups. In both tasks, we found that reward and punishment differentially affected PMC functional connectivity. On the SRTT, 2019-01-01T00:00:00Z2019 Apr2025-04-21T21:27:36.784Z2025-04-05T18:20:25.432ZS-EPMC76123453063008010.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.01.009