{"database":"biostudies-literature","file_versions":[],"scores":null,"additional":{"submitter":["Cai C"],"funding":["European Research Council","NIAID NIH HHS"],"pagination":["eadh0687"],"full_dataset_link":["https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC7615587"],"repository":["biostudies-literature"],"omics_type":["Unknown"],"volume":["8(90)"],"pubmed_abstract":["T cells are critical for immune protection against severe COVID-19, but it has remained unclear whether repeated exposure to SARS-CoV-2 antigens delivered in the context of vaccination fuels T cell exhaustion or reshapes T cell functionality. Here, we sampled convalescent donors with a history of mild or severe COVID-19 before and after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination to profile the functional spectrum of hybrid T cell immunity. Using combined single-cell technologies and high-dimensional flow cytometry, we found that the frequencies and functional capabilities of spike-specific CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells in previously infected individuals were enhanced by vaccination, despite concomitant increases in the expression of inhibitory receptors such as PD-1 and TIM3. In contrast, CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells targeting non-spike proteins remained functionally static and waned over time, and only minimal effects were observed in healthy vaccinated donors experiencing breakthrough infections with SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, hybrid immunity was characterized by elevated expression of IFN-γ, which was linked with clonotype specificity in the CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell lineage. Collectively, these findings identify a molecular hallmark of hybrid immunity and suggest that vaccination after infection is associated with cumulative immunological benefits over time, potentially conferring enhanced protection against subsequent episodes of COVID-19."],"journal":["Science immunology"],"pubmed_title":["SARS-CoV-2 vaccination enhances the effector qualities of spike-specific T cells induced by COVID-19."],"pmcid":["PMC7615587"],"funding_grant_id":["101057129","101041484","75N93019C00065"],"pubmed_authors":["Bergman P","Rivera-Ballesteros O","Sette A","Hansson L","Stralin K","Llewellyn-Lacey S","Price DA","Aleman S","Sandberg JK","Grifoni A","Adamo S","Bjorkstrom NK","Weiskopf D","Cai C","Buggert M","Ljunggren HG","Wherry EJ","Gao Y","Osterborg A","Qin C"],"additional_accession":[]},"is_claimable":false,"name":"SARS-CoV-2 vaccination enhances the effector qualities of spike-specific T cells induced by COVID-19.","description":"T cells are critical for immune protection against severe COVID-19, but it has remained unclear whether repeated exposure to SARS-CoV-2 antigens delivered in the context of vaccination fuels T cell exhaustion or reshapes T cell functionality. Here, we sampled convalescent donors with a history of mild or severe COVID-19 before and after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination to profile the functional spectrum of hybrid T cell immunity. Using combined single-cell technologies and high-dimensional flow cytometry, we found that the frequencies and functional capabilities of spike-specific CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells in previously infected individuals were enhanced by vaccination, despite concomitant increases in the expression of inhibitory receptors such as PD-1 and TIM3. In contrast, CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells targeting non-spike proteins remained functionally static and waned over time, and only minimal effects were observed in healthy vaccinated donors experiencing breakthrough infections with SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, hybrid immunity was characterized by elevated expression of IFN-γ, which was linked with clonotype specificity in the CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell lineage. Collectively, these findings identify a molecular hallmark of hybrid immunity and suggest that vaccination after infection is associated with cumulative immunological benefits over time, potentially conferring enhanced protection against subsequent episodes of COVID-19.","dates":{"release":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","publication":"2023 Dec","modification":"2025-05-29T20:32:47.464Z","creation":"2025-05-29T20:32:47.464Z"},"accession":"S-EPMC7615587","cross_references":{"pubmed":["38064569"],"doi":["10.1126/sciimmunol.adh0687"]}}