biostudies-literaturede Araujo TVBMedical Research CouncilWellcome Trust328-336https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC7617036biostudies-literatureUnknown18(3)<h4>Background</h4>A Zika virus epidemic emerged in northeast Brazil in 2015 and was followed by a striking increase in congenital microcephaly cases, triggering a declaration of an international public health emergency. This is the final report of the first case-control study evaluating the potential causes of microcephaly: congenital Zika virus infection, vaccines, and larvicides. The published preliminary report suggested a strong association between microcephaly and congenital Zika virus infection.<h4>Methods</h4>We did a case-control study in eight public maternity hospitals in Recife, Brazil. Cases were neonates born with microcephaly, defined as a head circumference of 2 SD below the mean. Two controls without microcephaly were matched to each case by expected date of delivery and aThe Lancet. Infectious diseasesAssociation between microcephaly, Zika virus infection, and other risk factors in Brazil: final report of a case-control study.PMC7617036MC_PC_15088107779Felix Oliveira VTorres LFilho SPBMartelli CMTBraga CCastanha PMDSBezerra LCAEvelim Coelho GXimenes RAACampelo de Albuquerque de Melo CFInstituto de Medicina Integral Professor Fernando FigueiraMendez-Rico JBrazilian Ministry of HealthDhalia CPan American Health OrganizationSantos MNassri Hazin AKleber de Oliveira Winvestigators from the Microcephaly Epidemic Research GroupValongueiro SCordeiro MTHenriques CMPDhalia RCortez-Escalante JJIsmael de Carvalho PMontarroyos URAldighieri SEspinal MCruz DDCSState Health Department of PernambucoRamon-Pardo PCoentro MSantiago Dimech GVan der Linden Ade Melo APLSiqueira de Assuncao RMarques-Junior ETAVazquez Ede Araujo TVBMiranda-Filho DBSouza WVde Albuquerque MFPMRodrigues LCCortes FfalseAssociation between microcephaly, Zika virus infection, and other risk factors in Brazil: final report of a case-control study.<h4>Background</h4>A Zika virus epidemic emerged in northeast Brazil in 2015 and was followed by a striking increase in congenital microcephaly cases, triggering a declaration of an international public health emergency. This is the final report of the first case-control study evaluating the potential causes of microcephaly: congenital Zika virus infection, vaccines, and larvicides. The published preliminary report suggested a strong association between microcephaly and congenital Zika virus infection.<h4>Methods</h4>We did a case-control study in eight public maternity hospitals in Recife, Brazil. Cases were neonates born with microcephaly, defined as a head circumference of 2 SD below the mean. Two controls without microcephaly were matched to each case by expected date of delivery and a2018-01-01T00:00:00Z2018 Mar2026-03-16T08:14:39.846Z2025-04-04T00:21:21.972ZS-EPMC76170362924209110.1016/s1473-3099(17)30727-210.1016/S1473-3099(17)30727-2