biostudies-literatureYe MHYangzhou Science and Technology Bureau201805https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC7890499biostudies-literatureUnknown8(1)American foulbrood (AFB) disease and chalkbrood disease (CBD) are important bacterial and fungal diseases, respectively, that affect honeybee broods. Exposure to agrochemicals is an abiotic stressor that potentially weakens honeybee colonies. Gut microflora alterations in adult honeybees associated with these biotic and abiotic factors have been investigated. However, microbial compositions in AFB- and CBD-infected larvae and the profile of whole-body microbiota in foraging bees exposed to agrochemicals have not been fully studied. In this study, bacterial and fungal communities in healthy and diseased (AFB/CBD) honeybee larvae were characterized by amplicon sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene and fungal internal transcribed spacer1 region, respectively. The bacterial and fungal communitRoyal Society open scienceMicrobiota dysbiosis in honeybee (<i>Apis mellifera</i> L<i>.</i>) larvae infected with brood diseases and foraging bees exposed to agrochemicals.PMC7890499NY2018000031Wei WHTarequl IMYan CXYang SMZhou BYe MHLi XYFan SHfalseMicrobiota dysbiosis in honeybee (<i>Apis mellifera</i> L<i>.</i>) larvae infected with brood diseases and foraging bees exposed to agrochemicals.American foulbrood (AFB) disease and chalkbrood disease (CBD) are important bacterial and fungal diseases, respectively, that affect honeybee broods. Exposure to agrochemicals is an abiotic stressor that potentially weakens honeybee colonies. Gut microflora alterations in adult honeybees associated with these biotic and abiotic factors have been investigated. However, microbial compositions in AFB- and CBD-infected larvae and the profile of whole-body microbiota in foraging bees exposed to agrochemicals have not been fully studied. In this study, bacterial and fungal communities in healthy and diseased (AFB/CBD) honeybee larvae were characterized by amplicon sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA gene and fungal internal transcribed spacer1 region, respectively. The bacterial and fungal communit2021-01-01T00:00:00Z2021 Jan2025-04-21T17:42:22.742Z2025-04-05T16:59:20.108ZS-EPMC78904993361409910.1098/rsos.201805