biostudies-literatureMishto MCancer Research UKEuropean Research CouncilNational Institute for Health Research (NIHR)656451https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC8082463biostudies-literatureUnknown12Increasing evidence suggests that post-translational peptide splicing can play a role in the immune response under pathological conditions. This seems to be particularly relevant in Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) since post-translationally spliced epitopes derived from T1D-associated antigens have been identified among those peptides bound to Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA) class I and II complexes. Their immunogenicity has been confirmed through CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cell-mediated responses in T1D patients. Spliced peptides theoretically have a large sequence variability. This might increase the frequency of viral-human <i>zwitter</i> peptides<i>, i.e.</i> peptides that share a complete sequence homology irrespective of whether they originate from human or viral antigens, thereby impFrontiers in immunologyPotential Mimicry of Viral and Pancreatic β Cell Antigens Through Non-Spliced and &lt;i&gt;cis&lt;/i&gt;-Spliced &lt;i&gt;Zwitter&lt;/i&gt; Epitope Candidates in Type 1 Diabetes.PMC808246329686C67500/A29686Mansurkhodzhaev ARodriguez-Calvo TLiepe JMishto MfalsePotential Mimicry of Viral and Pancreatic β Cell Antigens Through Non-Spliced and &lt;i&gt;cis&lt;/i&gt;-Spliced &lt;i&gt;Zwitter&lt;/i&gt; Epitope Candidates in Type 1 Diabetes.Increasing evidence suggests that post-translational peptide splicing can play a role in the immune response under pathological conditions. This seems to be particularly relevant in Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) since post-translationally spliced epitopes derived from T1D-associated antigens have been identified among those peptides bound to Human Leucocyte Antigen (HLA) class I and II complexes. Their immunogenicity has been confirmed through CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cell-mediated responses in T1D patients. Spliced peptides theoretically have a large sequence variability. This might increase the frequency of viral-human <i>zwitter</i> peptides<i>, i.e.</i> peptides that share a complete sequence homology irrespective of whether they originate from human or viral antigens, thereby imp2021-01-01T00:00:00Z20212026-05-08T06:04:40.368Z2022-02-10T08:55:03.863ZS-EPMC80824633393608510.3389/fimmu.2021.656451