biostudies-literatureWang XChinese Academy of SciencesNational Key R&D Program of ChinaDICPDNL Cooperation FundNational Natural Science Foundation of ChinaNatural Science Foundation of Liaoning ProvinceLiaoning Revitalization Talents ProgramDalian Institute of Chemical Physics64-72https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC8288951biostudies-literatureUnknown7(1)The rapid development of printed and microscale electronics imminently requires compatible micro-batteries (MBs) with high performance, applicable scalability, and exceptional safety, but faces great challenges from the ever-reported stacked geometry. Herein the first printed planar prototype of aqueous-based, high-safety Zn//MnO₂ MBs, with outstanding performance, aesthetic diversity, flexibility and modularization, is demonstrated, based on interdigital patterns of Zn ink as anode and MnO₂ ink as cathode, with high-conducting graphene ink as a metal-free current collector, fabricated by an industrially scalable screen-printing technique. The planar separator-free Zn//MnO₂ MBs, tested in neutral aqueous electrolyte, deliver a high volumetric capacity of 19.3 mAh/cm³ (corresponding to 393 mAh/g) at 7.5 mA/cm³, and notable volumetric energy density of 17.3 mWh/cm³, outperforming lithium thin-film batteries (≤10 mWh/cm³). Furthermore, our Zn//MnO₂ MBs present long-term cyclability having a high capacity retention of 83.9% after 1300 cycles at 5 C, which is superior to stacked Zn//MnO₂ batteries previously reported. Also, Zn//MnO₂ planar MBs exhibit exceptional flexibility without observable capacity decay under serious deformation, and remarkably serial and parallel integration of constructing bipolar cells with high voltage and capacity output. Therefore, low-cost, environmentally benign Zn//MnO₂ MBs with in-plane geometry possess huge potential as high-energy, safe, scalable and flexible microscale power sources for direction integration with printed electronics.National science reviewScalable fabrication of printed Zn//MnO₂ planar micro-batteries with high volumetric energy density and exceptional safety.PMC8288951XLYC1807153DNL180310DICP ZZBS201708UN20170221805273DICP ZZBS201802518722832016YFA020020020180510038515722592016YFB0100100DNL180308Wu ZSQin JWang SSun CBao XZheng SWang XZhou FShi XfalseScalable fabrication of printed Zn//MnO₂ planar micro-batteries with high volumetric energy density and exceptional safety.The rapid development of printed and microscale electronics imminently requires compatible micro-batteries (MBs) with high performance, applicable scalability, and exceptional safety, but faces great challenges from the ever-reported stacked geometry. Herein the first printed planar prototype of aqueous-based, high-safety Zn//MnO₂ MBs, with outstanding performance, aesthetic diversity, flexibility and modularization, is demonstrated, based on interdigital patterns of Zn ink as anode and MnO₂ ink as cathode, with high-conducting graphene ink as a metal-free current collector, fabricated by an industrially scalable screen-printing technique. The planar separator-free Zn//MnO₂ MBs, tested in neutral aqueous electrolyte, deliver a high volumetric capacity of 19.3 mAh/cm³ (corresponding to 393 mAh/g) at 7.5 mA/cm³, and notable volumetric energy density of 17.3 mWh/cm³, outperforming lithium thin-film batteries (≤10 mWh/cm³). Furthermore, our Zn//MnO₂ MBs present long-term cyclability having a high capacity retention of 83.9% after 1300 cycles at 5 C, which is superior to stacked Zn//MnO₂ batteries previously reported. Also, Zn//MnO₂ planar MBs exhibit exceptional flexibility without observable capacity decay under serious deformation, and remarkably serial and parallel integration of constructing bipolar cells with high voltage and capacity output. Therefore, low-cost, environmentally benign Zn//MnO₂ MBs with in-plane geometry possess huge potential as high-energy, safe, scalable and flexible microscale power sources for direction integration with printed electronics.2020-01-01T00:00:00Z2020 Jan2025-04-19T21:17:39.232Z2025-04-19T21:17:39.232ZS-EPMC82889513469201810.1093/nsr/nwz070