biostudies-literatureYoshizawa TJSPS KAKENHIUehara Memorial FoundationAMED Practical Research Project for Rare/Intractable DiseasesRalph and Marian Falk Medical Research Trust, Frick Foundation for ALS ResearchNational Institute of General Medical SciencesNIGMS NIH HHSDr. Ralph and Marian Falk Medical Research Trust, Frick Foundation for ALS Research15-23https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC8457648biostudies-literatureUnknown170(1)Recent studies have revealed that cells utilize liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) as a mechanism in assembly of membrane-less organelles, such as RNP granules. The nucleus is a well-known membrane-bound organelle surrounded by the nuclear envelope; the nuclear pore complex on the nuclear envelope likely applies LLPS in the central channel to facilitate selective biological macromolecule exchange. Karyopherin-β family proteins exclusively pass through the central channel with cargos by dissolving the phase separated hydrogel formed by the phenylalanine-glycine (FG) repeats-containing nucleoporins. Karyopherin-βs also exhibit dissolution activity for the phase separation of cargo proteins. Many cargos, including RNA-binding proteins containing intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs), undJournal of biochemistryKaryopherin-βs play a key role as a phase separation regulator.PMC845764821ek0109558h0001grant R35GM138109R35 GM13810919K16060grant number 21ek0109558h0001R35GM138109grant number 19K16060Guo LYoshizawa TfalseKaryopherin-βs play a key role as a phase separation regulator.Recent studies have revealed that cells utilize liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) as a mechanism in assembly of membrane-less organelles, such as RNP granules. The nucleus is a well-known membrane-bound organelle surrounded by the nuclear envelope; the nuclear pore complex on the nuclear envelope likely applies LLPS in the central channel to facilitate selective biological macromolecule exchange. Karyopherin-β family proteins exclusively pass through the central channel with cargos by dissolving the phase separated hydrogel formed by the phenylalanine-glycine (FG) repeats-containing nucleoporins. Karyopherin-βs also exhibit dissolution activity for the phase separation of cargo proteins. Many cargos, including RNA-binding proteins containing intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs), und2021-01-01T00:00:00Z2021 Sep2025-04-18T19:41:40.225Z2025-04-07T07:29:20.286ZS-EPMC84576483422361410.1093/jb/mvab072