biostudies-literatureCampos-Silva JVDepartment for Environment, Food and Rural AffairsThe Research Council of Norwaye2105480118https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC8501803biostudies-literatureUnknown118(40)Finding new pathways for reconciling socioeconomic well-being and nature sustainability is critically important for contemporary societies, especially in tropical developing countries where sustaining local livelihoods often clashes with biodiversity conservation. Many projects aimed at reconciling the goals of biodiversity conservation and social aspirations within protected areas (PAs) have failed on one or both counts. Here, we investigate the social consequences of living either inside or outside sustainable-use PAs in the Brazilian Amazon, using data from more than 100 local communities along a 2,000-km section of a major Amazonian river. The PAs in this region are now widely viewed as conservation triumphs, having implemented community comanagement of fisheries and recovery of overexProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of AmericaSustainable-use protected areas catalyze enhanced livelihoods in rural Amazonia.PMC850180320-001295650288086Haugaasen TLopes PFMHawes JEFreitas CTLadle RJPeres CACampos-Silva JVfalseSustainable-use protected areas catalyze enhanced livelihoods in rural Amazonia.Finding new pathways for reconciling socioeconomic well-being and nature sustainability is critically important for contemporary societies, especially in tropical developing countries where sustaining local livelihoods often clashes with biodiversity conservation. Many projects aimed at reconciling the goals of biodiversity conservation and social aspirations within protected areas (PAs) have failed on one or both counts. Here, we investigate the social consequences of living either inside or outside sustainable-use PAs in the Brazilian Amazon, using data from more than 100 local communities along a 2,000-km section of a major Amazonian river. The PAs in this region are now widely viewed as conservation triumphs, having implemented community comanagement of fisheries and recovery of overex2021-01-01T00:00:00Z2021 Oct2025-04-05T14:05:21.862Z2025-04-05T14:05:21.862ZS-EPMC85018033458021810.1073/pnas.2105480118