biostudies-literatureUnknown219(1)Castelein S<h4>Background</h4>Recovery in schizophrenia is a complex process, involving clinical, societal and personal recovery. Until now, studies analysed these domains separately, without examining their mutual relations and changes over time.<h4>Aims</h4>This study aimed to examine different states of recovery and transition rates between states.<h4>Method</h4>The Pharmacotherapy Monitoring and Outcome Survey (2006-2017) yearly assesses patients with schizophrenia in the Northern Netherlands. Data from 2327 patients with one up to 11 yearly measurements on clinical, societal and personal recovery were jointly analysed with a mixture latent Markov model (MLMM).<h4>Results</h4>The selected MLMM had four states that differed in degree and pattern of recovery outcomes. Patients in state 1 were least recovered on any domain (16% of measurements), and partly recovered in states 2 (25%; featured by negative symptoms) and 3 (21%; featured by positive symptoms). Patients in state 4 (38%) were most recovered, except for work, study and housekeeping. At the subsequent measurement, the probability of remaining in the same state was 77-89%, transitioning to a better state was 4-12% and transitioning to a worse state was 4-6%; no transitions occurred between states 1 and 4. Female gender, shorter illness duration and less schizophrenia were more prevalent in better states.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Quite a high recovery rate was present among a substantial part of the measurements (38%, state 4), with a high probability (89%) of remaining in this state. Transition rates in the other states might increase to a more favourable state by focusing on adequate treatment of negative and positive symptoms and societal problems.The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science401-408https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC8529640biostudies-literatureClinical, societal and personal recovery in schizophrenia spectrum disorders across time: states and annual transitions.PMC8529640Castelein STimmerman MEvan der Gaag MVisser EPHAMOUS investigatorsJorg FBartels-Velthuis AAWunderink AArends JKnegtering HVeling WBruggeman RPijnenborg GHMfalseClinical, societal and personal recovery in schizophrenia spectrum disorders across time: states and annual transitions.<h4>Background</h4>Recovery in schizophrenia is a complex process, involving clinical, societal and personal recovery. Until now, studies analysed these domains separately, without examining their mutual relations and changes over time.<h4>Aims</h4>This study aimed to examine different states of recovery and transition rates between states.<h4>Method</h4>The Pharmacotherapy Monitoring and Outcome Survey (2006-2017) yearly assesses patients with schizophrenia in the Northern Netherlands. Data from 2327 patients with one up to 11 yearly measurements on clinical, societal and personal recovery were jointly analysed with a mixture latent Markov model (MLMM).<h4>Results</h4>The selected MLMM had four states that differed in degree and pattern of recovery outcomes. Patients in state 1 were least recovered on any domain (16% of measurements), and partly recovered in states 2 (25%; featured by negative symptoms) and 3 (21%; featured by positive symptoms). Patients in state 4 (38%) were most recovered, except for work, study and housekeeping. At the subsequent measurement, the probability of remaining in the same state was 77-89%, transitioning to a better state was 4-12% and transitioning to a worse state was 4-6%; no transitions occurred between states 1 and 4. Female gender, shorter illness duration and less schizophrenia were more prevalent in better states.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Quite a high recovery rate was present among a substantial part of the measurements (38%, state 4), with a high probability (89%) of remaining in this state. Transition rates in the other states might increase to a more favourable state by focusing on adequate treatment of negative and positive symptoms and societal problems.2021-01-01T00:00:00Z2021 Jul2025-04-04T13:51:00.431Z2025-04-04T13:51:00.431ZS-EPMC85296403504885510.1192/bjp.2021.48