biostudies-literatureLaw JBNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeNINDS NIH HHS124-134.e10https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC8551011biostudies-literatureUnknown238<h4>Objectives</h4>To determine the incidence, timing, progression, and risk factors for intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in infants 24^0/7 to 27^6/7 weeks of gestational age and to characterize the association between ICH and death or neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) at 2 years of corrected age.<h4>Study design</h4>Infants enrolled in the Preterm Erythropoietin Neuroprotection Trial had serial cranial ultrasound scans performed on day 1, day 7-9, and 36 weeks of postmenstrual age to evaluate ICH. Potential risk factors for development of ICH were examined. Outcomes included death or severe NDI as well as Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd Edition, at 2 years of corrected age.<h4>Results</h4>ICH was identified in 38% (n = 339) of 883 enrolled infants. Multiple gestation and cesarean delivery reduced the risk of any ICH on day 1. Risk factors for development of bilateral Grade 2, Grade 3, or Grade 4 ICH at day 7-9 included any ICH at day 1; 2 or more doses of prenatal steroids decreased risk. Bilateral Grade 2, Grade 3, or Grade 4 ICH at 36 weeks were associated with previous ICH at day 7-9. Bilateral Grade 2, any Grade 3, and any Grade 4 ICH at 7-9 days or 36 weeks of postmenstrual age were associated with increased risk of death or severe NDI and lower Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd Edition, scores.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Risk factors for ICH varied by timing of bleed. Bilateral and increasing grade of ICH were associated with death or NDI in infants born extremely preterm.The Journal of pediatricsIntracranial Hemorrhage and 2-Year Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Infants Born Extremely Preterm.PMC8551011U01 NS077953U01NS077953U01 NS077955U01NS077955Wood TRComstock BAJuul SEMayock DEGogcu SLaw JBDighe MHeagerty PJPerez KPuia-Dumitrescu MfalseIntracranial Hemorrhage and 2-Year Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Infants Born Extremely Preterm.<h4>Objectives</h4>To determine the incidence, timing, progression, and risk factors for intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) in infants 24^0/7 to 27^6/7 weeks of gestational age and to characterize the association between ICH and death or neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) at 2 years of corrected age.<h4>Study design</h4>Infants enrolled in the Preterm Erythropoietin Neuroprotection Trial had serial cranial ultrasound scans performed on day 1, day 7-9, and 36 weeks of postmenstrual age to evaluate ICH. Potential risk factors for development of ICH were examined. Outcomes included death or severe NDI as well as Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd Edition, at 2 years of corrected age.<h4>Results</h4>ICH was identified in 38% (n = 339) of 883 enrolled infants. Multiple gestation and cesarean delivery reduced the risk of any ICH on day 1. Risk factors for development of bilateral Grade 2, Grade 3, or Grade 4 ICH at day 7-9 included any ICH at day 1; 2 or more doses of prenatal steroids decreased risk. Bilateral Grade 2, Grade 3, or Grade 4 ICH at 36 weeks were associated with previous ICH at day 7-9. Bilateral Grade 2, any Grade 3, and any Grade 4 ICH at 7-9 days or 36 weeks of postmenstrual age were associated with increased risk of death or severe NDI and lower Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd Edition, scores.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Risk factors for ICH varied by timing of bleed. Bilateral and increasing grade of ICH were associated with death or NDI in infants born extremely preterm.2021-01-01T00:00:00Z2021 Nov2025-04-04T10:27:13.972Z2025-02-19T01:30:50.39ZS-EPMC85510113421776910.1016/j.jpeds.2021.06.071