biostudies-literatureLi YShanghai Clinical Medical Research Center ProjectShanghai Agriculture Applied Technology Development Program ProjectNSFCShanghai Municipal Education Commission ProjectNational Natural Science Foundation of ChinaMinistry of Science and Technology of China ProjectShanghai Municipal Health Commission ProjectShanghai Municipal Science and Technology ProjectNational Innovation Special Zone ProjectShanghai Jiao Tong University Projectse629https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC8574956biostudies-literatureUnknown11(11)Tacrolimus (FK506) and rapamycin (RAPA) are widely used to maintain long-term immunosuppression after organ transplantation. However, the impact of accumulative drug administration on the recipients' immune systems remains unclear. We investigated the impact of 3-year FK506 or RAPA treatment after renal transplantation on the human immune systems. A discovery cohort of 30 patients was first recruited, and we discovered two distinctive T lineage suppressive regulatory patterns induced by chronic treatment of FK506 and RAPA. The increased percentage of senescent CD8⁺ CD57⁺ T lineages and less responsive T cell receptor (TCR) pathway in the FK506 group indicate better graft acceptance. Meanwhile, percentages of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and expression of CTLA-4 were botClinical and translational medicineDeep phenotyping of T cell populations under long-term treatment of tacrolimus and rapamycin in patients receiving renal transplantations by mass cytometry.PMC857495618430760500819025872020 SJTU-HUJI2017ZX10203205-006-002G2018010119X190020154ZH2018QNA49ZH2018QNA54SD082001619MC1910800ZXWF082101YG2016MS60Agri-X20200101SL2020MS026YG2016QN24017SHZDZX01220770792019CXJQ03ZH2018ZDA0181871448Li YDing XZhang TWang BHong YZhou PJiang HAn HShen CfalseDeep phenotyping of T cell populations under long-term treatment of tacrolimus and rapamycin in patients receiving renal transplantations by mass cytometry.Tacrolimus (FK506) and rapamycin (RAPA) are widely used to maintain long-term immunosuppression after organ transplantation. However, the impact of accumulative drug administration on the recipients' immune systems remains unclear. We investigated the impact of 3-year FK506 or RAPA treatment after renal transplantation on the human immune systems. A discovery cohort of 30 patients was first recruited, and we discovered two distinctive T lineage suppressive regulatory patterns induced by chronic treatment of FK506 and RAPA. The increased percentage of senescent CD8⁺ CD57⁺ T lineages and less responsive T cell receptor (TCR) pathway in the FK506 group indicate better graft acceptance. Meanwhile, percentages of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and expression of CTLA-4 were bot2021-01-01T00:00:00Z2021 Nov2026-05-08T20:31:21.326Z2022-02-11T13:28:48.861ZS-EPMC85749563484173510.1002/ctm2.629