biostudies-literatureSulkar HJNational Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthNIAMS NIH HHSNIH HHS380-387https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC8585709biostudies-literatureUnknown90<h4>Background</h4>Clinical imaging often excludes the distal humerus, confounding definition of common whole-bone coordinate systems. While proximal anatomy coordinate systems exist, no simple method transforms them to whole-bone systems. Their influence on humeral kinematics is unknown.<h4>Research question</h4>How do humeral kinematics vary based on proximal and whole-bone coordinate systems, and can average rotation matrices accurately convert kinematics between them?<h4>Methods</h4>Three proximal coordinate systems were defined by the lesser and greater tuberosities (LT, GT), Crest of the greater tuberosity, and humeral shaft. Average rotation matrices derived from anatomic landmarks on cadaver humeri were generated between the proximal and whole-bone coordinate systems. Absolute anglGait & postureProximal humeral coordinate systems can predict humerothoracic and glenohumeral kinematics of a full bone system.PMC8585709R01 AR067196S10 OD021644Zitnay JLAliaj KSulkar HJHenninger HBfalseProximal humeral coordinate systems can predict humerothoracic and glenohumeral kinematics of a full bone system.<h4>Background</h4>Clinical imaging often excludes the distal humerus, confounding definition of common whole-bone coordinate systems. While proximal anatomy coordinate systems exist, no simple method transforms them to whole-bone systems. Their influence on humeral kinematics is unknown.<h4>Research question</h4>How do humeral kinematics vary based on proximal and whole-bone coordinate systems, and can average rotation matrices accurately convert kinematics between them?<h4>Methods</h4>Three proximal coordinate systems were defined by the lesser and greater tuberosities (LT, GT), Crest of the greater tuberosity, and humeral shaft. Average rotation matrices derived from anatomic landmarks on cadaver humeri were generated between the proximal and whole-bone coordinate systems. Absolute angl2021-01-01T00:00:00Z2021 Oct2026-05-08T11:17:14.805Z2025-04-04T10:27:53.466ZS-EPMC85857093456401010.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.09.180