biostudies-literatureSingh AKNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNIAID NIH HHSNational Institutes of Health7321-7331https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC8648981biostudies-literatureUnknown39(50)Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is an attenuated live strain of Mycobacterium bovis. It may be the most widely used vaccine in human history and is the only licensed human tuberculosis (TB) vaccine available. Despite its excellent safety history, a century of use in global vaccination programs, and its significant contribution to reducing TB mortality among children, the efficacy of BCG continues to be disputed due to its incomplete protection against pulmonary TB in adults. Still vaccines offer the best chance to contain the ongoing spread of multi-drug resistance TB and disease dissemination. The development of improved vaccines against TB therefore remains a high global priority. Interestingly, recent studies indicate that genetically modified BCG, or administration of existing BVaccineRecombinant BCGs for tuberculosis and bladder cancer.PMC8648981R01 AI155346NIH AI 155346Singh AKBivalacqua TJBishai WRSrikrishna GfalseRecombinant BCGs for tuberculosis and bladder cancer.Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is an attenuated live strain of Mycobacterium bovis. It may be the most widely used vaccine in human history and is the only licensed human tuberculosis (TB) vaccine available. Despite its excellent safety history, a century of use in global vaccination programs, and its significant contribution to reducing TB mortality among children, the efficacy of BCG continues to be disputed due to its incomplete protection against pulmonary TB in adults. Still vaccines offer the best chance to contain the ongoing spread of multi-drug resistance TB and disease dissemination. The development of improved vaccines against TB therefore remains a high global priority. Interestingly, recent studies indicate that genetically modified BCG, or administration of existing B2021-01-01T00:00:00Z2021 Dec2025-04-27T04:49:02.182Z2024-12-03T17:16:56.16ZS-EPMC86489813459327110.1016/j.vaccine.2021.09.040