biostudies-literatureMercado CIIntramural CDC HHS1766-1773https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC8686758biostudies-literatureUnknown44(8)<h4>Objective</h4>To examine changes in and the relationships between diabetes management and rural and urban residence.<h4>Research design and methods</h4>Using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2018) data from 6,372 adults aged ≥18 years with self-reported diagnosed diabetes, we examined poor ABCS: <b>A</b>1C >9% (>75 mmol/mol), <b>B</b>lood pressure (BP) ≥140/90 mmHg, <b>C</b>holesterol (non-HDL) ≥160 mg/dL (≥4.1 mmol/L), and current <b>S</b>moking. We compared odds of urban versus rural residents (census tract population size ≥2,500 considered urban, otherwise rural) having poor ABCS across time (1999-2006, 2007-2012, and 2013-2018), overall and by sociodemographic and clinical characteristics.<h4>Results</h4>During 1999-2018, the proportion of U.S. adults with diabetes residing in rural areas ranged between 15% and 19.5%. In 1999-2006, there were no statistically significant rural-urban differences in poor ABCS. However, from 1999-2006 to 2013-2018, there were greater improvements for urban adults with diabetes than for rural for BP ≥140/90 mmHg (relative odds ratio [OR] 0.8, 95% CI 0.6-0.9) and non-HDL ≥160 mg/dL (≥4.1 mmol/L) (relative OR 0.45, 0.4-0.5). These differences remained statistically significant after adjustment for race/ethnicity, education, poverty levels, and clinical characteristics. Yet, over the 1999-2018 time period, minority race/ethnicity, lower education attainment, poverty, and lack of health insurance coverage were factors associated with poorer A, B, C, or S in urban adults compared with their rural counterparts.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Over two decades, rural U.S. adults with diabetes have had less improvement in BP and cholesterol control. In addition, rural-urban differences exist across sociodemographic groups, suggesting that efforts to narrow this divide may need to address both socioeconomic and clinical aspects of care.Diabetes careDifferences in U.S. Rural-Urban Trends in Diabetes ABCS, 1999-2018.PMC8686758CC999999Imperatore GGregg EWSaydah SHMercado CIAli MKMcKeever Bullard KfalseDifferences in U.S. Rural-Urban Trends in Diabetes ABCS, 1999-2018.<h4>Objective</h4>To examine changes in and the relationships between diabetes management and rural and urban residence.<h4>Research design and methods</h4>Using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999-2018) data from 6,372 adults aged ≥18 years with self-reported diagnosed diabetes, we examined poor ABCS: <b>A</b>1C >9% (>75 mmol/mol), <b>B</b>lood pressure (BP) ≥140/90 mmHg, <b>C</b>holesterol (non-HDL) ≥160 mg/dL (≥4.1 mmol/L), and current <b>S</b>moking. We compared odds of urban versus rural residents (census tract population size ≥2,500 considered urban, otherwise rural) having poor ABCS across time (1999-2006, 2007-2012, and 2013-2018), overall and by sociodemographic and clinical characteristics.<h4>Results</h4>During 1999-2018, the proportion of U.S. adults with diabetes residing in rural areas ranged between 15% and 19.5%. In 1999-2006, there were no statistically significant rural-urban differences in poor ABCS. However, from 1999-2006 to 2013-2018, there were greater improvements for urban adults with diabetes than for rural for BP ≥140/90 mmHg (relative odds ratio [OR] 0.8, 95% CI 0.6-0.9) and non-HDL ≥160 mg/dL (≥4.1 mmol/L) (relative OR 0.45, 0.4-0.5). These differences remained statistically significant after adjustment for race/ethnicity, education, poverty levels, and clinical characteristics. Yet, over the 1999-2018 time period, minority race/ethnicity, lower education attainment, poverty, and lack of health insurance coverage were factors associated with poorer A, B, C, or S in urban adults compared with their rural counterparts.<h4>Conclusions</h4>Over two decades, rural U.S. adults with diabetes have had less improvement in BP and cholesterol control. In addition, rural-urban differences exist across sociodemographic groups, suggesting that efforts to narrow this divide may need to address both socioeconomic and clinical aspects of care.2021-01-01T00:00:00Z2021 Aug2025-04-04T19:41:11.773Z2025-04-04T19:41:11.773ZS-EPMC86867583412749510.2337/dc20-0097