biostudies-literatureGraham SEEconomic and Social Research CouncilBLRD VACancer Research UKBritish Heart FoundationNICHD NIH HHSNCCDPHP CDC HHSNIA NIH HHSNHLBI NIH HHSPublic Health AgencyNNF Center for Basic Metabolic ResearchLundbeck FoundationCSRD VANIDDK NIH HHSBarts CharityMedical Research CouncilNational Institute for Health Research (NIHR)NHGRI NIH HHSNovo Nordisk FondenWellcome Trust675-679https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC8730582biostudies-literatureUnknown600(7890)Increased blood lipid levels are heritable risk factors of cardiovascular disease with varied prevalence worldwide owing to different dietary patterns and medication use1. Despite advances in prevention and treatment, in particular through reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels2, heart disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide3. Genome-wideassociation studies (GWAS) of blood lipid levels have led to important biological and clinical insights, as well as new drug targets, for cardiovascular disease. However, most previous GWAS4-23 have been conducted in European ancestry populations and may have missed genetic variants that contribute to lipid-level variation in other ancestry groups. These include differences in allele freNatureThe power of genetic diversity in genome-wide association studies of lipids.PMC8730582R01 HD030880R01 HL149683MR/S011676/1NNF13OC0005785R01 HL133218MC_UU_12026/2ES/L008459/1I01 BX004821G9521010MR/R024227/1P30 DK020572NNF14OC0010513T32 HG000040R01 HL109946MC_PC_15018MC_U137686851Hansen GroupK01 HL135405MC_UU_00007/10212946/Z/18/ZP30 AG010161NF-SI-0617-10154U01 HG011723U01 DP006266Pedersen Group16/136/102I01 BX003362NF-SI-0512-10113R01 DK072193NNF19OC0055250MC_PC_19009R01 AG015819U19 AG063893STL/5569/19U01 DK062370NIHR-INF-0987221854/Z/20/ZR01 HG010297MC_PC_20026R03 HL154284R01 HL153805R01 DK093757MR/S019669/1NF-SI-0611-10170Grarup Group217065/Z/19/ZMGU0284202802/Z/16/Z16896R35 HL135824MC_UU_00017/1RG/14/5/30893G9815508K08 HG010155MC_PC_14135R01 HL127564IK2 CX001780NNF18OC0033898212945/Z/18/ZR155-2013-14070210561/Z/18/ZPhenomicsR35 HL135818FS/19/62/34901DES/N00812X/1R01 DK062370P30 DK020541R01 AG017917MC_PC_13049R01 HL105756MC_UU_00006/1Hildalgo BNeville MJRamdas SPitsillides AKawaguchi TAsselbergs FWVerweij NZhao JHMatsuda FKleber METonjes AClarke SLCouture CKamatani YRamirez JWalker MWeir DRKathiresan SLocke AECiullo MRaitakari OTCaulfield MJRitchie MDWarner SCChaturvedi NZajac GJMWickremasinghe ARScott RJPenninx BBollepalli SPreuss MWang YXThorsteinsdottir UFeng QVaccargiu SJackson AUHeid IMConcas MPGordon-Larsen PRipatti SYu KMunroe PBTerzikhan NBharadwaj DGlobal Lipids Genetics Consortium*Olafsson IWong AReilly DFYajnik CSChai XRasheed ARidker PMSakaue SWielscher MRasheed HDedoussis Gvan Dam RMSmith BHKlarin DBrumpton BMMitchell REKuusisto JFaul JDHaworth SOldmeadow CJousilahti PZhu XKoistinen HAMohlke KLTurman CLoukola AHo YLTamiya GBradford YWilson JFWilson JGKarhus LLChen ZOrozco LLamina CTheusch EKurbasic AChen SMarques-Vidal PGieger CKentistou KAKahonen MYoon KJarvelin MRFiorillo EMamakou VHolmes MVHuo SChristensen HLiu JMarz WPoulter NJockel KHFernandez-Lopez JCKivimaki MChristofidou PWinkler TWLettre GLind LPasterkamp GWeiss SArnett DKRosenthal EAElders PJMDe Jager PLScholz MAbbas SPedersen OHomuth GO'Donnell CJGraham SESnieder HGiardoglou TZimmermann MEHansen TDelgado GEStark KJIkeda DDLauner LJLiu FZmuda JMHayes MGVolzke HGuo XBiino GThuesen BHAhmed MHighland HMChasman DIRallidis LSVillalpando CGWarren HRBaras ADamrauer SMBrown CDMcDaid AFTardif JCFrayling TMSung YJRotimi CNObura MOPerusse LMagnusson PKENiinikoski HNoordam RPendergrass SALaakso MArendt MNalls MAWu KHChristensen KQu JHebbar PGraff MFranke ASabater-Lleal MHan SWu JYSchulze MBDeloukas PMori TAChitrala KNWareham NJKanoni SSoutham LYuan JMRuotsalainen SEReiner APLo KSHewitt AWMitchell PCuellar-Partida GBlack CKhera AVBennett DAKooperberg CGrarup NRuggiero DWang CAAsvold BOde Vries PSPalmer CNALyssenko VSchmidt BVA Million Veteran ProgramGrant SFAHaessler JChai JFSpracklen CNSchmidt HGu DPandit ASchmidt RMarten JMcKnight AJSchunkert HPacheco JAYao JTrivedi BRhee SY't Hart LMManichaikul AKember RLSlieker RCGao ZHazelhurst SLange LAHwang MYWild SHKutalik Zvan der Most PJde Kleijn DRamsay MWiller CJHofer EIngelsson ELores-Motta Lde Geus EJCFuchsberger CTabara YCho KSun YVPramstaller PPSmyth LJLin SYKim HLvan der Harst PGalesloot TEKim HNKovacs PShu XORao DCVitart VMiller JEChambers JCCade BEWhitfield JBJonas JBJi YAadahl MBenjamins JWBork-Jensen JKumari MNorth KECupples LAPsaty BMKardia SLRKaprio JMartin NGXue CJukema JWLin XTerao CLuan Jvan Dijk KWLynch JAHui QTrembath RCde Silva HJZeng LBuring JEPoveda AGirotto GHuerta-Chagoya AJustice AEWatkins HLyytikainen LPCho YSYousri NAvan Heel DAHolm HZeggini ELin KJackson RDLin MBoger CAKim EKHindy GGiulianini FKiemeney LALMMillwood IYHunt KAZhao Wvan Meurs JBJKatsuya TSever PLoos RJFBrown MRTimpson NJNikus KDaviglus MJarvik GPWiden EChoudhury ANadkarni GNNakatochi Mvan Setten JHeng CKWang JSMartin LWRayner NWBis JCBoehnke MVestergaard HCruz MHavulinna ASJager SMellstrom DGorski MPeters ARotter JIThorleifsson GKronenberg FPennell CEDaw EWVerma ASabanayagam CTakeuchi FIha HLi HAbecasis GTsao PSWillemsen GWalters RGXia RKim BJLi Lvan Duijn CMLi XPahkala KSamani NJHakonarson HAssimes TLGiannakopoulou OFornage MMercader JMBrumat MNethander MCai QIchihara SParra EJden Hollander AIMunz MFeitosa MFMannikko MShin JHMangino MNamjou BChandak GRNatarajan PLoeffler MMorris APYin XHottenga JJKooner JSMurakami YEngmann JHelgadottir Ade Borst GJTusie-Luna THoefer IEZhang WHirschhorn JNNtalla IGudbjartsson DFMollehave LTSaleheen DGaziano JMTrompet SMcCarthy MIWilson PProvince MAZhang JChen YEPajukanta PGudnason VBielak LFTai ESMorrison ACMahajan ASimonsick EForer LLieb WChang KMAkiyama MIkram MAMook-Kanamori DOOldehinkel AJRyu SHayward CCucca FDantoft TMZheng WNelson CPRedline Svan der Laan SWMeidtner KHattersley ATSchwander KKanai MAdams HHHWojczynski MKThiery JFranks PWIrvin MRDorajoo RErdmann JZilhao NRLee JSalomaa VCorrea ALee HSattar NVeturi YKoh WPWoo JTPedersen NLBouchard CAl-Mulla FKhor CCSmith JAKubo MKrauss RMEkoru KSurakka IGoel ABrandslund IBoomsma DINabika TZhou WLingren TJung BBradfield JPLee JYHung YJAguilar-Salinas CAYokota MHunt SCHuang WNelson AEMarouli EMedina-Gomez CLeonard HLGolightly YMBraund PSJang HMHuang JMitchell JSKolcic ILu XStefansson KWang CHuang HYoung KLOhlsson CBhatti KFThanaraj TASchmidt EMZonderman ABHveem KVedantam SWood ARSpector TDGustafsson SPeloso GMde Graaf JPauper MJoshi PKPitkanen NYang JYamamoto MFreitag-Wolf SHutri-Kahonen NChoi HSYang BLu FLe PEvans MKCheng CYWong TYPrasad GBrody JAAttia JKraft PCanadas-Garre MAdair LSArbeeva LKee FRader DJLinneberg APolasek ONarita ALong JNutile TBeulens JWJBentley ARFarmaki AEBandinelli SBechayda SAKato NKim YJLehtimaki TKarpe FGhanbari MWei WBKraaijeveld AOStrachan DPWei WQSim XLangenberg CTimmers PRHJCampbell HSidore COkada YBrown MHishigaki HCampbell AChen YIMartin HCfalseThe power of genetic diversity in genome-wide association studies of lipids.Increased blood lipid levels are heritable risk factors of cardiovascular disease with varied prevalence worldwide owing to different dietary patterns and medication use1. Despite advances in prevention and treatment, in particular through reducing low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels2, heart disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide3. Genome-wideassociation studies (GWAS) of blood lipid levels have led to important biological and clinical insights, as well as new drug targets, for cardiovascular disease. However, most previous GWAS4-23 have been conducted in European ancestry populations and may have missed genetic variants that contribute to lipid-level variation in other ancestry groups. These include differences in allele fre2021-01-01T00:00:00Z2021 Dec2026-05-29T14:56:36.303Z2025-04-04T20:16:08.751ZS-EPMC87305823488759110.1038/s41586-021-04064-3