biostudies-literatureSaw JJNational Aeronautics and Space Administration Astrobiology InstituteMayo Nephrology/Urology Summer Undergraduate Research FellowshipMayo Clinic &amp; Illinois Alliance for Technology-Based HealthcareO’Brien Urology Research Center298-311https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC8740987biostudies-literatureUnknown2(2)<h4>Background</h4>Human kidney stones form <i>via</i> repeated events of mineral precipitation, partial dissolution, and reprecipitation, which are directly analogous to similar processes in other natural and manmade environments, where resident microbiomes strongly influence biomineralization. High-resolution microscopy and high-fidelity metagenomic (microscopy-to-omics) analyses, applicable to all forms of biomineralization, have been applied to assemble definitive evidence of <i>in vivo</i> microbiome entombment during urolithiasis.<h4>Methods</h4>Stone fragments were collected from a randomly chosen cohort of 20 patients using standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated that 18 of these patients were calcium oxalate (CaOx) stoKidney360<i>In Vivo</i> Entombment of Bacteria and Fungi during Calcium Oxalate, Brushite, and Struvite Urolithiasis.PMC8740987DK101405DK100227NNA13AA91ACregger MAMerkel ACDong YLieske JCKrambeck AELange DFields CJSanford RASivaguru MRomero MFBruce WJFouke BWRivera MEChia NSaw JJLarge TWilson EMBhattacharjee ASWeber JRfalse<i>In Vivo</i> Entombment of Bacteria and Fungi during Calcium Oxalate, Brushite, and Struvite Urolithiasis.<h4>Background</h4>Human kidney stones form <i>via</i> repeated events of mineral precipitation, partial dissolution, and reprecipitation, which are directly analogous to similar processes in other natural and manmade environments, where resident microbiomes strongly influence biomineralization. High-resolution microscopy and high-fidelity metagenomic (microscopy-to-omics) analyses, applicable to all forms of biomineralization, have been applied to assemble definitive evidence of <i>in vivo</i> microbiome entombment during urolithiasis.<h4>Methods</h4>Stone fragments were collected from a randomly chosen cohort of 20 patients using standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated that 18 of these patients were calcium oxalate (CaOx) sto2021-01-01T00:00:00Z2021 Feb2025-04-22T09:14:19.558Z2025-04-05T22:58:59.501ZS-EPMC87409873537302510.34067/KID.000694202010.34067/kid.0006942020