biostudies-literatureUnknown13Shim SNational Research Foundation of KoreaKorea Food Research InstituteIL-32 plays a contradictory role such as tumor proliferation or suppressor in cancer development depending on the cancer type. In most cancers, it was found that the high expression of IL-32 was associated with more proliferative and progression of cancer. However, studying the isoforms of IL-32 cytokine has placed its paradoxical role into a wide range of functions based on its dominant isoform and surrounding environment. IL-32β, for example, was found mostly in different types of cancer and associated with cancer expansion. This observation is legitimate since cancer exhibits some hypoxic environment and IL-32β was known to be induced under hypoxic conditions. However, IL-32θ interacts directly with protein kinase C-δ reducing NF-κB and STAT3 levels to inhibit epithelial-mesenchymal traFrontiers in immunology837590https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC8913503biostudies-literatureA Paradoxical Effect of Interleukin-32 Isoforms on Cancer.PMC8913503Shim SLee SKim SYJhun HKim YGHwang JKim SNguyen TTYeom SCTaitt ASPark HYLee YHisham YfalseA Paradoxical Effect of Interleukin-32 Isoforms on Cancer.IL-32 plays a contradictory role such as tumor proliferation or suppressor in cancer development depending on the cancer type. In most cancers, it was found that the high expression of IL-32 was associated with more proliferative and progression of cancer. However, studying the isoforms of IL-32 cytokine has placed its paradoxical role into a wide range of functions based on its dominant isoform and surrounding environment. IL-32β, for example, was found mostly in different types of cancer and associated with cancer expansion. This observation is legitimate since cancer exhibits some hypoxic environment and IL-32β was known to be induced under hypoxic conditions. However, IL-32θ interacts directly with protein kinase C-δ reducing NF-κB and STAT3 levels to inhibit epithelial-mesenchymal tra2022-01-01T00:00:00Z20222025-04-04T07:55:05.291Z2025-04-04T07:55:05.291ZS-EPMC89135033528100810.3389/fimmu.2022.837590