{"database":"biostudies-literature","file_versions":[],"scores":null,"additional":{"submitter":["Guayasamin JM"],"funding":["São Paulo Research Foundation FAPESP, Brazil","National Geographic Explorer Grant","Swiss National Science Foundation","Ecominga Foundation","Universidad San Francisco de Quito","Swiss National Science Foundation, SNSF, Switzerland","Programa Inédita from Secretaría de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación"],"pagination":["e13109"],"full_dataset_link":["https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC8935995"],"repository":["biostudies-literature"],"omics_type":["Unknown"],"volume":["10"],"pubmed_abstract":["<h4>Background</h4>The Tropical Andes is the world's most biodiverse hotspot. This region contains >1,000 amphibian species, more than half of which are endemic. Herein we describe two new glassfrog species (Centrolenidae: <i>Hyalinobatrachium</i>) that we discovered within relatively unexplored and isolated localities of the Ecuadorian Andes.<h4>Methods</h4>We employed morphological, acoustic, and molecular methods to test the hypothesis that <i>Hyalinobatrachium mashpi</i> sp. nov and <i>H. nouns</i> sp. nov. are species new to science. Following standard methods, we generated mitochondrial sequences (16S) of 37 individuals in the genus <i>Hyalinobatrachium</i>. We inferred the phylogenetic relationships of the two new species in comparison to all other glassfrogs using Maximum Likelihood. In addition to describing the call of <i>H. mashpi</i> sp. nov., we performed a discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) with the advertisement call characteristics of several congeners.<h4>Results</h4>Based on an integrative taxonomy approach, we describe two new species. Morphological traits and the inferred phylogeny unambiguously place the new taxa in the genus <i>Hyalinobatrachium</i>. Both species are distinguished from other glassfrogs mainly by their dorsal coloration (<i>i.e</i>., dorsum lime green with small light yellow spots, head usually with interorbital bar) and transparent pericardium (<i>i.e</i>., the heart is visible through the ventral skin). The new species exhibit a high morphological similarity (<i>i.e</i>., cryptic) and occur within relatively close geographical proximity (closest aerial distance = 18.9 km); however, their uncorrected <i>p</i> distance for the mitochondrial gene 16S is 4.6-4.7%, a value that greatly exceeds the genetic distance between closely related species of centrolenid frogs. The DAPC revealed that the advertisement call of <i>H. mashpi</i> sp. nov. is acoustically distinct.<h4>Discussion</h4>Our findings are congruent with several previous studies that report a high degree of endemism in the Toisán mountain range, which appears to be isolated from the main Andean cordillera for some amphibian groups. We recommend that both <i>H. mashpi</i> sp. nov. and <i>H. nouns</i> sp. nov. be listed as Endangered, following IUCN criteria. These new species provide another example of cryptic diversity in the Andes-further evidence that the region fosters much more biodiversity than we have the resources to catalog. Threatened by mining and other exploitative industries, these glassfrogs and many other yet-to-be-discovered Andean species highlight the dire need for effective conservation measures-especially in northwestern Ecuador."],"journal":["PeerJ"],"pubmed_title":["Two new glassfrogs (Centrolenidae: <i>Hyalinobatrachium</i>) from Ecuador, with comments on the endangered biodiversity of the Andes."],"pmcid":["PMC8935995"],"funding_grant_id":["EC-57058R-18","197921","2018/09852-3","5467, 5466, 11164 and 16871","310030","310030_197921"],"pubmed_authors":["Brunner RM","Medina Armijos A","Morochz C","Maynard RJ","Culebras J","Valencia-Aguilar A","Ringler E","Franco-Mena D","Guayasamin JM","Bustamante L"],"additional_accession":[]},"is_claimable":false,"name":"Two new glassfrogs (Centrolenidae: <i>Hyalinobatrachium</i>) from Ecuador, with comments on the endangered biodiversity of the Andes.","description":"<h4>Background</h4>The Tropical Andes is the world's most biodiverse hotspot. This region contains >1,000 amphibian species, more than half of which are endemic. Herein we describe two new glassfrog species (Centrolenidae: <i>Hyalinobatrachium</i>) that we discovered within relatively unexplored and isolated localities of the Ecuadorian Andes.<h4>Methods</h4>We employed morphological, acoustic, and molecular methods to test the hypothesis that <i>Hyalinobatrachium mashpi</i> sp. nov and <i>H. nouns</i> sp. nov. are species new to science. Following standard methods, we generated mitochondrial sequences (16S) of 37 individuals in the genus <i>Hyalinobatrachium</i>. We inferred the phylogenetic relationships of the two new species in comparison to all other glassfrogs using Maximum Likelihood. In addition to describing the call of <i>H. mashpi</i> sp. nov., we performed a discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) with the advertisement call characteristics of several congeners.<h4>Results</h4>Based on an integrative taxonomy approach, we describe two new species. Morphological traits and the inferred phylogeny unambiguously place the new taxa in the genus <i>Hyalinobatrachium</i>. Both species are distinguished from other glassfrogs mainly by their dorsal coloration (<i>i.e</i>., dorsum lime green with small light yellow spots, head usually with interorbital bar) and transparent pericardium (<i>i.e</i>., the heart is visible through the ventral skin). The new species exhibit a high morphological similarity (<i>i.e</i>., cryptic) and occur within relatively close geographical proximity (closest aerial distance = 18.9 km); however, their uncorrected <i>p</i> distance for the mitochondrial gene 16S is 4.6-4.7%, a value that greatly exceeds the genetic distance between closely related species of centrolenid frogs. The DAPC revealed that the advertisement call of <i>H. mashpi</i> sp. nov. is acoustically distinct.<h4>Discussion</h4>Our findings are congruent with several previous studies that report a high degree of endemism in the Toisán mountain range, which appears to be isolated from the main Andean cordillera for some amphibian groups. We recommend that both <i>H. mashpi</i> sp. nov. and <i>H. nouns</i> sp. nov. be listed as Endangered, following IUCN criteria. These new species provide another example of cryptic diversity in the Andes-further evidence that the region fosters much more biodiversity than we have the resources to catalog. Threatened by mining and other exploitative industries, these glassfrogs and many other yet-to-be-discovered Andean species highlight the dire need for effective conservation measures-especially in northwestern Ecuador.","dates":{"release":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","publication":"2022","modification":"2026-06-18T06:01:33.472Z","creation":"2025-04-04T08:53:46.042Z"},"accession":"S-EPMC8935995","cross_references":{"pubmed":["35321409"],"doi":["10.7717/peerj.13109"]}}