biostudies-literatureShi JFundamental Research Funds for the Central UniversitiesGuangdong Provincial Pearl River Talents ProgramNational Natural Science Foundation of ChinaGuangzhou Science and Technology Program key projects494-511https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC8942439biostudies-literatureUnknown345Abnormal immune cell functions are commonly related to various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases. Messenger RNA (mRNA)-based therapy can regulate the functions of immune cells or assign new functions to immune cells, thereby generating therapeutic immune responses to treat these diseases. However, mRNA is unstable in physiological environments and can hardly enter the cytoplasm of target cells; thus, effective mRNA delivery systems are critical for developing mRNA therapy. The two mRNA vaccines of Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna have demonstrated that lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) can deliver mRNA into dendritic cells (DCs) to induce immunization against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which opened the floodgates to the development of mRNA tJournal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release SocietyDelivery of mRNA for regulating functions of immune cells.PMC8942439320713782017GC01048282072048819018752017GC0107133207138052130301202103030004Du XJLu ZDShen SXu CFShi JHuang MWWang JfalseDelivery of mRNA for regulating functions of immune cells.Abnormal immune cell functions are commonly related to various diseases, including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases. Messenger RNA (mRNA)-based therapy can regulate the functions of immune cells or assign new functions to immune cells, thereby generating therapeutic immune responses to treat these diseases. However, mRNA is unstable in physiological environments and can hardly enter the cytoplasm of target cells; thus, effective mRNA delivery systems are critical for developing mRNA therapy. The two mRNA vaccines of Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna have demonstrated that lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) can deliver mRNA into dendritic cells (DCs) to induce immunization against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, which opened the floodgates to the development of mRNA t2022-01-01T00:00:00Z2022 May2025-05-18T12:34:10.942Z2025-04-04T14:21:29.903ZS-EPMC89424393533794010.1016/j.jconrel.2022.03.033