biostudies-literatureMiguel-Arribas AMinistry of science and innovationJapan Society for the Promotion of Science587https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC8955417biostudies-literatureUnknown10(3)Genes involved in the same cellular process are often clustered together in an operon whose expression is controlled by an upstream promoter. Generally, the activity of the promoter is strictly controlled. However, spurious transcription undermines this strict regulation, particularly affecting large operons. The negative effects of spurious transcription can be mitigated by the presence of multiple terminators inside the operon, in combination with an antitermination system. Antitermination systems modify the transcription elongation complexes and enable them to bypass terminators. Bacterial conjugation is the process by which a conjugative DNA element is transferred from a donor to a recipient cell. Conjugation involves many genes that are mostly organized in one or a few large operons. MicroorganismsConjugation Operons in Gram-Positive Bacteria with and without Antitermination Systems.PMC8955417PID2019-108778GB-C21209500bio2016-77883-c2-1-P18h02128Grohmann EMiguel-Arribas AMichaelis CMeijer WJJYoshida KIWu LJfalseConjugation Operons in Gram-Positive Bacteria with and without Antitermination Systems.Genes involved in the same cellular process are often clustered together in an operon whose expression is controlled by an upstream promoter. Generally, the activity of the promoter is strictly controlled. However, spurious transcription undermines this strict regulation, particularly affecting large operons. The negative effects of spurious transcription can be mitigated by the presence of multiple terminators inside the operon, in combination with an antitermination system. Antitermination systems modify the transcription elongation complexes and enable them to bypass terminators. Bacterial conjugation is the process by which a conjugative DNA element is transferred from a donor to a recipient cell. Conjugation involves many genes that are mostly organized in one or a few large operons. 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z2022 Mar2025-04-04T13:21:07.08Z2025-04-04T13:21:07.08ZS-EPMC89554173533616210.3390/microorganisms10030587