biostudies-literatureZiesche RFRCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC)The Faraday Institution; FIRG0013Royal Academy of EngineeringRCUK | Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council1616https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC8956593biostudies-literatureUnknown13(1)In recent years, low-temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cells have become an increasingly important pillar in a zero-carbon strategy for curbing climate change, with their potential to power multiscale stationary and mobile applications. The performance improvement is a particular focus of research and engineering roadmaps, with water management being one of the major areas of interest for development. Appropriate characterisation tools for mapping the evolution, motion and removal of water are of high importance to tackle shortcomings. This article demonstrates the development of a 4D high-speed neutron imaging technique, which enables a quantitative analysis of the local water evolution. 4D visualisation allows the time-resolved studies of droplet formation in the flow fields and waterNature communicationsHigh-speed 4D neutron computed tomography for quantifying water dynamics in polymer electrolyte fuel cells.PMC8956593EP/L015277/1CiET1718\59EP/T517793/1Kardjilov NMaier MRasha LKockelmann WHeenan TMMHack JTan CMarkotter HManke IZiesche RFBrett DJLShearing PRfalseHigh-speed 4D neutron computed tomography for quantifying water dynamics in polymer electrolyte fuel cells.In recent years, low-temperature polymer electrolyte fuel cells have become an increasingly important pillar in a zero-carbon strategy for curbing climate change, with their potential to power multiscale stationary and mobile applications. The performance improvement is a particular focus of research and engineering roadmaps, with water management being one of the major areas of interest for development. Appropriate characterisation tools for mapping the evolution, motion and removal of water are of high importance to tackle shortcomings. This article demonstrates the development of a 4D high-speed neutron imaging technique, which enables a quantitative analysis of the local water evolution. 4D visualisation allows the time-resolved studies of droplet formation in the flow fields and water2022-01-01T00:00:00Z2022 Mar2025-04-19T17:36:49.285Z2025-04-19T17:36:49.285ZS-EPMC89565933533814110.1038/s41467-022-29313-5