biostudies-literatureOgboo BCAssociazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul CancroAirc Italian Foundation for Cancer ResearchNHLBI NIH HHSNational Institutes of HealthState University of New York102298https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC8956913biostudies-literatureUnknown52The NADPH Oxidases (NOX) catalyze the deliberate production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and are established regulators of redox-dependent processes across diverse biological settings. Proper management of their activity is controlled through a conserved electron transfer (ET) cascade from cytosolic NADPH substrate through the plasma membrane to extracellular O₂. After decades-long investigations of their biological functions, including potential as drug targets, only very recently has atomic-resolution information of NOX enzymes been made available. In this graphical review, we summarize the present structural biology understanding of the NOX enzymes afforded by X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy. Combined molecular-level insights predominantly informed by DRedox biologyArchitecture of the NADPH oxidase family of enzymes.PMC8956913R01 HL138708R01 HL085646IG19808AG075491HL085646Maini Avan der Vliet AMattevi AScouten SGrabovyy UVHeppner DEOgboo BCfalseArchitecture of the NADPH oxidase family of enzymes.The NADPH Oxidases (NOX) catalyze the deliberate production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and are established regulators of redox-dependent processes across diverse biological settings. Proper management of their activity is controlled through a conserved electron transfer (ET) cascade from cytosolic NADPH substrate through the plasma membrane to extracellular O₂. After decades-long investigations of their biological functions, including potential as drug targets, only very recently has atomic-resolution information of NOX enzymes been made available. In this graphical review, we summarize the present structural biology understanding of the NOX enzymes afforded by X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy. Combined molecular-level insights predominantly informed by D2022-01-01T00:00:00Z2022 Jun2025-04-04T22:04:22.776Z2025-04-04T22:04:22.776ZS-EPMC89569133533424910.1016/j.redox.2022.102298