biostudies-literatureUnknown17(4)Miao WThis paper explored how the government provides low-carbon subsidies for the manufacturers, retailers, and consumers in a secondary supply chain under cap-and-trade scheme. We calculated the best prices, emissions reductions, and the demands for common and low-carbon products when subsidizing each of the abovementioned market players. In particular, a comparative analysis of their equilibrium outcomes was made thereafter. The MATLAB simulation found that the optimal emissions reductions under the three subsidy modes were even and positively correlated to low-carbon subsidies, which, however, negatively correlated to the prices of both product types. Higher subsidies drove up demand for low-carbon products and dragged down that for common goods. But the prices of these products maintained tPloS onee0266413https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC8975140biostudies-literatureEmissions reduction and pricing of supply chain under cap-and-trade and subsidy mechanisms.PMC8975140Kong DMiao WZhu GShen BfalseEmissions reduction and pricing of supply chain under cap-and-trade and subsidy mechanisms.This paper explored how the government provides low-carbon subsidies for the manufacturers, retailers, and consumers in a secondary supply chain under cap-and-trade scheme. We calculated the best prices, emissions reductions, and the demands for common and low-carbon products when subsidizing each of the abovementioned market players. In particular, a comparative analysis of their equilibrium outcomes was made thereafter. The MATLAB simulation found that the optimal emissions reductions under the three subsidy modes were even and positively correlated to low-carbon subsidies, which, however, negatively correlated to the prices of both product types. Higher subsidies drove up demand for low-carbon products and dragged down that for common goods. But the prices of these products maintained t2022-01-01T00:00:00Z20222025-04-19T07:48:24.627Z2025-04-19T07:48:24.627ZS-EPMC89751403536380710.1371/journal.pone.0266413