biostudies-literatureUnknown13Olguin-Martinez EType 2 Innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are tissue-resident immune cells activated by epithelial-derived alarmins upon tissue damage. They regulate immunity against helminth parasites and allergies by expressing type 2 immune response cytokines including IL-9, known to be critical for inducing and potentiating the immune response in such context. Although ILC2s are reported to be the main source of IL-9 in mice during <i>N. brasiliensis</i> infection, the mechanisms that regulate the expression of IL-9 in these cells are yet to be described. Recent studies have shown that in addition to cytokines, multiple molecules can differentially modulate the functions of ILC2s in various contexts both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. Among these stimuli are lipid mediators and neuropeptides, which acFrontiers in immunology787713https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC9197159biostudies-literatureIL-33 and the PKA Pathway Regulate ILC2 Populations Expressing IL-9 and ST2.PMC9197159Licona-Limon PRamos-Balderas JLRuiz-Medina BELicona-Limon IOlguin-Martinez EMunoz-Paleta OfalseIL-33 and the PKA Pathway Regulate ILC2 Populations Expressing IL-9 and ST2.Type 2 Innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are tissue-resident immune cells activated by epithelial-derived alarmins upon tissue damage. They regulate immunity against helminth parasites and allergies by expressing type 2 immune response cytokines including IL-9, known to be critical for inducing and potentiating the immune response in such context. Although ILC2s are reported to be the main source of IL-9 in mice during <i>N. brasiliensis</i> infection, the mechanisms that regulate the expression of IL-9 in these cells are yet to be described. Recent studies have shown that in addition to cytokines, multiple molecules can differentially modulate the functions of ILC2s in various contexts both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>. Among these stimuli are lipid mediators and neuropeptides, which ac2022-01-01T00:00:00Z20222025-08-12T03:04:37.78Z2025-04-04T19:06:40.324ZS-EPMC91971593571142910.3389/fimmu.2022.787713