biostudies-literatureCobb CONIDA NIH HHSNCI NIH HHSNational Institutes of HealthNational Institutes of Health; National Institute on Drug AbuseNational Institutes of Health; National Cancer Institute625-635https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC9307076biostudies-literatureUnknown29(6)Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use continues to grow with most users reporting concurrent cigarette smoking, but few studies have focused on tobacco use and toxicant exposure among naturalistic dual-using populations. This controlled clinical laboratory study examined how dual versus exclusive use of e-cigarettes and cigarettes and no tobacco/nicotine affected behavioral, physiological, and subjective measures among current dual users. Twenty-two participants identifying as cigarette (≥ 10 cigarettes per day [CPD]) and e-cigarette (≥ 3 days/week) users of "cig-a-like" e-cigarettes completed four 5-day outpatient conditions, which differed by their own brand of products used ad libitum: (a) cigarette and e-cigarette (dual), (b) cigarette-only, (c) e-cigarette-only, and (d) no tobacco/niExperimental and clinical psychopharmacologyTobacco-use behavior and toxicant exposure among current dual users of electronic cigarettes and tobacco cigarettes.PMC9307076R21CA184634R21 CA184634U54DA036105U54 DA036105Lester RCAustin MGraham ALHoetger CBarnes AJEissenberg TMontpetit AScott MRudy AKCobb COLipato TfalseTobacco-use behavior and toxicant exposure among current dual users of electronic cigarettes and tobacco cigarettes.Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use continues to grow with most users reporting concurrent cigarette smoking, but few studies have focused on tobacco use and toxicant exposure among naturalistic dual-using populations. This controlled clinical laboratory study examined how dual versus exclusive use of e-cigarettes and cigarettes and no tobacco/nicotine affected behavioral, physiological, and subjective measures among current dual users. Twenty-two participants identifying as cigarette (≥ 10 cigarettes per day [CPD]) and e-cigarette (≥ 3 days/week) users of "cig-a-like" e-cigarettes completed four 5-day outpatient conditions, which differed by their own brand of products used ad libitum: (a) cigarette and e-cigarette (dual), (b) cigarette-only, (c) e-cigarette-only, and (d) no tobacco/ni2021-01-01T00:00:00Z2021 Dec2025-04-25T20:55:33.49Z2025-04-06T08:33:19.853ZS-EPMC93070763265853210.1037/pha0000417