biostudies-literatureMuller LMCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorMax-Planck-Gesellschafte0271545https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC9348659biostudies-literatureUnknown17(8)Although once considered a 'counterfeit paradise', the Amazon Basin is now a region of increasing interest in discussions of pre-colonial tropical land-use and social complexity. Archaeobotany, archaeozoology, remote sensing and palaeoecology have revealed that, by the Late Holocene, populations in different parts of the Amazon Basin were using various domesticated plants, modifying soils, building earthworks, and even forming 'Garden Cities' along the Amazon River and its tributaries. However, there remains a relatively limited understanding as to how diets, environmental management, and social structures varied across this vast area. Here, we apply stable isotope analysis to human remains (n = 4 for collagen, n = 17 for tooth enamel), and associated fauna (n = 61 for collagen, n = 28 forPloS oneLate Holocene dietary and cultural variability on the Xingu River, Amazon Basin: A stable isotopic approach.PMC934865988881.190306/2018-01Silva HPMuller LMMarzo SFiedler BFerreira MPIlgner JRoberts PLucas MKipnis RfalseLate Holocene dietary and cultural variability on the Xingu River, Amazon Basin: A stable isotopic approach.Although once considered a 'counterfeit paradise', the Amazon Basin is now a region of increasing interest in discussions of pre-colonial tropical land-use and social complexity. Archaeobotany, archaeozoology, remote sensing and palaeoecology have revealed that, by the Late Holocene, populations in different parts of the Amazon Basin were using various domesticated plants, modifying soils, building earthworks, and even forming 'Garden Cities' along the Amazon River and its tributaries. However, there remains a relatively limited understanding as to how diets, environmental management, and social structures varied across this vast area. Here, we apply stable isotope analysis to human remains (n = 4 for collagen, n = 17 for tooth enamel), and associated fauna (n = 61 for collagen, n = 28 for2022-01-01T00:00:00Z20222026-06-01T02:18:48.797Z2025-04-05T12:12:26.774ZS-EPMC93486593592128510.1371/journal.pone.0271545