biostudies-literatureHoenigl MU.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)NOVA | Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de LisboaU.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNIAID NIH HHSEC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme1127-1140https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC9362108biostudies-literatureUnknown7(8)Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated invasive fungal infections are an important complication in a substantial number of critically ill, hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Three groups of fungal pathogens cause co-infections in COVID-19: Aspergillus, Mucorales and Candida species, including Candida auris. Here we review the incidence of COVID-19-associated invasive fungal infections caused by these fungi in low-, middle- and high-income countries. By evaluating the epidemiology, clinical risk factors, predisposing features of the host environment and immunological mechanisms that underlie the pathogenesis of these co-infections, we set the scene for future research and development of clinical guidance.Nature microbiologyCOVID-19-associated fungal infections.PMC9362108R01 AI153356PTDC/SAU-SER/29635/2017R01AI153356UIDB/50026/2020 and UIDP/50026/2020R01AI063503no. 847507Carvalho AGoldman GHSprute RIbrahim ASSeidel DOliverio MHoenigl MCunha CfalseCOVID-19-associated fungal infections.Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated invasive fungal infections are an important complication in a substantial number of critically ill, hospitalized patients with COVID-19. Three groups of fungal pathogens cause co-infections in COVID-19: Aspergillus, Mucorales and Candida species, including Candida auris. Here we review the incidence of COVID-19-associated invasive fungal infections caused by these fungi in low-, middle- and high-income countries. By evaluating the epidemiology, clinical risk factors, predisposing features of the host environment and immunological mechanisms that underlie the pathogenesis of these co-infections, we set the scene for future research and development of clinical guidance.2022-01-01T00:00:00Z2022 Aug2025-04-04T10:45:01.082Z2025-04-04T10:45:01.082ZS-EPMC93621083591842310.1038/s41564-022-01172-2