biostudies-literatureHughes SMNational Institute of Allergy and Infectious DiseasesNICHD NIH HHSNIA NIH HHSNIAID NIH HHSMedical Research CouncilUniversity of Washington Royalty Research FundCenter for AIDS Research of the University of Washington/Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center353https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC9533580biostudies-literatureUnknown20(1)<h4>Background</h4>Hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle play a key role in shaping immunity in the cervicovaginal tract. Cervicovaginal fluid contains cytokines, chemokines, immunoglobulins, and other immune mediators. Many studies have shown that the concentrations of these immune mediators change throughout the menstrual cycle, but the studies have often shown inconsistent results. Our understanding of immunological correlates of the menstrual cycle remains limited and could be improved by meta-analysis of the available evidence.<h4>Methods</h4>We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of cervicovaginal immune mediator concentrations throughout the menstrual cycle using individual participant data. Study eligibility included strict definitions of the cycle phase (by progeBMC medicineChanges in concentrations of cervicovaginal immune mediators across the menstrual cycle: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data.PMC9533580P30 AI027757R01 AI172111AI030731R01 AG064794R01 AI049192R01 HD091996HD091996G0901756AI027757A149192R03 AI154366P01 AI030731AI154366Barnard EHasselrot KNoel-Romas LPadavattan NAnderson SMDufault BLahey TByrne EHSriprasert IAsin SStrickler HDBuyze JCools PHladik FSpear GGoovaerts OKatz RMicks ECosgrove COrr DPHillier SEngstrand LBowman BALieberman JAPustilnik TSibeko SGraham PJWalker JLNdung'u TCastle PEJones CKappes JCPatel MVMabuka JAo TTMoodley AOlson GSBurgener ADBagaya BSOdem-Davis KBirse KSeifert MArnold KBGhosh MIntroini AWright PFBradley FYousefieh NCunningham TDCoulton GRLehman DAMarrazzo JDunphy LJOyugi JBaden SLokken EMLi HCortez VMcCorrister SNdayisaba GHayes RJCohen KEWefer HOchsenbauer CFidel PLLounev VMabhula ABroliden KPassmore JSKwon DSHershow RCCheruiyot JConsortium for Assessing Immunity Across the Menstrual CycleTjernlund AWestmacott GRChandra NVan Der Pol BMenten JFichorova RMa YHou YAbou MHall MBRomas LCrucitti TLeslie ABaisley KVanham GNyanga BEdwards RPMesquita PMMDonoval BAPandey UKaul RMwaura MMcKinnon LRCrowley-Nowick PAGood SVRabe LKyongo JMaganja KNovak RMShen ZTannich EDawood HYYegorov SRichardson-Harman NFreiermuth JLHerold BCYounes NJohnston CStarkman BSDoncel GFBernick BAWalker BDKimani JSchwartz JLAbdool Karim SSKimani MMirkin SJoag VBoksa LAAnahtar MNShahabi KSumerel JLArien KKJais MFrancis SCFahey JVDelany-Moretlwe SGaliwango RMBartolf ABoggild AKRollenhagen CShi BFowke KRKimble TJacot TWatson-Jones DLauffenburger DALevy CNHuang HMakinde JWira CRMoscicki ABOverbaugh JDong KLKowatsch MHerrera CChesson RRDunlap KScott MELanday AHwang LYLajoie JMpendo JBowman FPLiebenberg LJKapiga STheall KPShattock RJHildesheim AMayer KHGhebremichael MSIsmail NHardy LKiwanuka NEspinosa TJoseph SJespers VNjoki JPakrashi Tvan de Wijgert JRossoll RMOmollo KMichiels JSong YMasson LRoxby ACAndreasen AFashemi TBoily-Larouche GMugo NRCu-Uvin SShah AArcher DFChapman SMukura LRThurman ARHughes SMChen HYFortenberry JDKwatampora JfalseChanges in concentrations of cervicovaginal immune mediators across the menstrual cycle: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data.<h4>Background</h4>Hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle play a key role in shaping immunity in the cervicovaginal tract. Cervicovaginal fluid contains cytokines, chemokines, immunoglobulins, and other immune mediators. Many studies have shown that the concentrations of these immune mediators change throughout the menstrual cycle, but the studies have often shown inconsistent results. Our understanding of immunological correlates of the menstrual cycle remains limited and could be improved by meta-analysis of the available evidence.<h4>Methods</h4>We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of cervicovaginal immune mediator concentrations throughout the menstrual cycle using individual participant data. Study eligibility included strict definitions of the cycle phase (by proge2022-01-01T00:00:00Z2022 Oct2026-07-14T15:16:23.573Z2025-04-04T13:46:24.495ZS-EPMC95335803619586710.1186/s12916-022-02532-9