{"database":"biostudies-literature","file_versions":[],"scores":null,"additional":{"omics_type":["Unknown"],"volume":["9"],"submitter":["Hribar M"],"pubmed_abstract":["Vitamin D and its adequate status are related to many aspects of human health; therefore, an appropriate tool is needed for the valid assessment of vitamin D status. The main contributor to vitamin D status is endogenous synthesis after cutaneous exposure to ultraviolet B light (UVB), but in the absence of UVB radiation, vitamin D intake becomes an important source of vitamin D. Various tools are available for vitamin D intake assessments, with the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) being among the fastest, cheapest, and most convenient; however, until now, these tools have not been adapted for the Slovenia (SI). To enable valid vitamin D intake estimation, we developed a simple one-page semi-quantitative FFQ (sqFFQ/SI) and tested its validity using a 5-day dietary record (DR) as a reference method. The reproducibility was tested with the second sqFFQ/SI (sqFFQ/SI2) 6 weeks after the first (sqFFQ/SI1). The validity and reproducibility of this method were tested on 54 participants using Bland-Altman plots, Spearman's correlation, and Kappa analyses of tertiles. The mean daily vitamin D intake was 3.50 ± 1.91 μg according to the 5-day DR, and 2.99 ± 1.35 and 3.31 ± 1.67 μg according to the sqFFQ/SI1 and repeated sqFFQ/SI (sqFFQ/SI2), respectively. When analyzing for validity, the sqFFQ/SI1 was found to be significantly correlated (<i>p</i> < 0.05) with the 5-day DR, with an acceptable correlation coefficient of 0.268 and a Bland-Altman index of 3.7%. For reproducibility, the correlation between the sqFFQ/SI1 and sqFFQ/SI2 was highly significant (<i>p</i> < 0.001), with a good correlation coefficient of 0.689 and a Bland-Altman index of 3.7%. Kappa analyses of tertiles showed a poor validity and acceptable reproducibility. Overall, we observed a higher reproducibility than validity. Validation and reproducibility analyses demonstrated that the proposed sqFFQ/SI is acceptable and is, therefore, an appropriate tool for the effective assessment of habitual vitamin D intake on an individual level. With this consideration, this tool will be used in further population studies to assess vitamin D intake and for the development of a screening tool for the assessment of the risk for vitamin D deficiency, which will be used as a foundation for evidence-based policy-making decisions."],"journal":["Frontiers in nutrition"],"pagination":["950874"],"full_dataset_link":["https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC9537601"],"repository":["biostudies-literature"],"pubmed_title":["Validation of the food frequency questionnaire for the assessment of dietary vitamin D intake."],"pmcid":["PMC9537601"],"pubmed_authors":["Hribar M","Zlavs K","Pravst I","Zmitek K"],"additional_accession":[]},"is_claimable":false,"name":"Validation of the food frequency questionnaire for the assessment of dietary vitamin D intake.","description":"Vitamin D and its adequate status are related to many aspects of human health; therefore, an appropriate tool is needed for the valid assessment of vitamin D status. The main contributor to vitamin D status is endogenous synthesis after cutaneous exposure to ultraviolet B light (UVB), but in the absence of UVB radiation, vitamin D intake becomes an important source of vitamin D. Various tools are available for vitamin D intake assessments, with the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) being among the fastest, cheapest, and most convenient; however, until now, these tools have not been adapted for the Slovenia (SI). To enable valid vitamin D intake estimation, we developed a simple one-page semi-quantitative FFQ (sqFFQ/SI) and tested its validity using a 5-day dietary record (DR) as a reference method. The reproducibility was tested with the second sqFFQ/SI (sqFFQ/SI2) 6 weeks after the first (sqFFQ/SI1). The validity and reproducibility of this method were tested on 54 participants using Bland-Altman plots, Spearman's correlation, and Kappa analyses of tertiles. The mean daily vitamin D intake was 3.50 ± 1.91 μg according to the 5-day DR, and 2.99 ± 1.35 and 3.31 ± 1.67 μg according to the sqFFQ/SI1 and repeated sqFFQ/SI (sqFFQ/SI2), respectively. When analyzing for validity, the sqFFQ/SI1 was found to be significantly correlated (<i>p</i> < 0.05) with the 5-day DR, with an acceptable correlation coefficient of 0.268 and a Bland-Altman index of 3.7%. For reproducibility, the correlation between the sqFFQ/SI1 and sqFFQ/SI2 was highly significant (<i>p</i> < 0.001), with a good correlation coefficient of 0.689 and a Bland-Altman index of 3.7%. Kappa analyses of tertiles showed a poor validity and acceptable reproducibility. Overall, we observed a higher reproducibility than validity. Validation and reproducibility analyses demonstrated that the proposed sqFFQ/SI is acceptable and is, therefore, an appropriate tool for the effective assessment of habitual vitamin D intake on an individual level. With this consideration, this tool will be used in further population studies to assess vitamin D intake and for the development of a screening tool for the assessment of the risk for vitamin D deficiency, which will be used as a foundation for evidence-based policy-making decisions.","dates":{"release":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","publication":"2022","modification":"2025-04-25T17:26:58.2Z","creation":"2025-04-06T05:09:31.701Z"},"accession":"S-EPMC9537601","cross_references":{"pubmed":["36211494"],"doi":["10.3389/fnut.2022.950874"]}}