biostudies-literatureUnknown10Kopperi HA closed loop algal-biorefinery was designed based on a three-stage integration of dairy wastewater (DWW) treatment, hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of defatted algal biomass, and acidogenic process in a semi-synthetic framework. Initially, <i>Coelestrella sp</i> SVMIICT5 was grown in a 5 L photo-bioreactor and scaled up to a 50 L flat-panel photo-bioreactor using DWW. The microalgal growth showed higher photosynthetic efficiency, resulting in a biomass growth of 3.2 g/L of DCW with 87% treatment efficiency. The biomolecular composition showed 26% lipids with a good fatty acid profile (C₁₂-C₂₁) as well as carbohydrate (24.9%) and protein (31.8%) content. In the second stage, the de-oiled algal biomass was valorized via HTL at various temperatures (150°C, 200°, and 250Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology964070https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC9537770biostudies-literatureComparative appraisal of nutrient recovery, bio-crude, and bio-hydrogen production using <i>Coelestrella</i> sp<i>.</i> in a closed-loop biorefinery.PMC9537770Kopperi HMohan SVfalseComparative appraisal of nutrient recovery, bio-crude, and bio-hydrogen production using <i>Coelestrella</i> sp<i>.</i> in a closed-loop biorefinery.A closed loop algal-biorefinery was designed based on a three-stage integration of dairy wastewater (DWW) treatment, hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of defatted algal biomass, and acidogenic process in a semi-synthetic framework. Initially, <i>Coelestrella sp</i> SVMIICT5 was grown in a 5 L photo-bioreactor and scaled up to a 50 L flat-panel photo-bioreactor using DWW. The microalgal growth showed higher photosynthetic efficiency, resulting in a biomass growth of 3.2 g/L of DCW with 87% treatment efficiency. The biomolecular composition showed 26% lipids with a good fatty acid profile (C₁₂-C₂₁) as well as carbohydrate (24.9%) and protein (31.8%) content. In the second stage, the de-oiled algal biomass was valorized via HTL at various temperatures (150°C, 200°, and 2502022-01-01T00:00:00Z20222025-04-25T17:34:50.774Z2025-04-25T17:34:50.774ZS-EPMC95377703621305410.3389/fbioe.2022.964070