biostudies-literatureWu CSMinistry of Science and Technology, TaiwanAcademia Sinica1676-1687https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC9545813biostudies-literatureUnknown111(6)To unveil the evolution of mitochondrial RNA editing in gymnosperms, we characterized mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes), plastid genomes, RNA editing sites, and pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins from 10 key taxa representing four of the five extant gymnosperm clades. The assembled mitogenomes vary in gene content due to massive gene losses in Gnetum and Conifer II clades. Mitochondrial gene expression levels also vary according to protein function, with the most highly expressed genes involved in the respiratory complex. We identified 9132 mitochondrial C-to-U editing sites, as well as 2846 P-class and 8530 PLS-class PPR proteins. Regains of editing sites were demonstrated in Conifer II rps3 transcripts whose corresponding mitogenomic sequences lack introns due to retroprocessing. The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biologyEvolution of mitochondrial RNA editing in extant gymnosperms.PMC9545813106‐2311‐B‐001‐005Chaw SMWu CSfalseEvolution of mitochondrial RNA editing in extant gymnosperms.To unveil the evolution of mitochondrial RNA editing in gymnosperms, we characterized mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes), plastid genomes, RNA editing sites, and pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins from 10 key taxa representing four of the five extant gymnosperm clades. The assembled mitogenomes vary in gene content due to massive gene losses in Gnetum and Conifer II clades. Mitochondrial gene expression levels also vary according to protein function, with the most highly expressed genes involved in the respiratory complex. We identified 9132 mitochondrial C-to-U editing sites, as well as 2846 P-class and 8530 PLS-class PPR proteins. Regains of editing sites were demonstrated in Conifer II rps3 transcripts whose corresponding mitogenomic sequences lack introns due to retroprocessing. 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z2022 Sep2026-05-28T02:56:40.156Z2025-02-19T01:03:11.472ZS-EPMC95458133587759610.1111/tpj.15916