biostudies-literatureShan JNational Natural Science Foundation of China1016646https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC9550896biostudies-literatureUnknown13Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the world. Although there are standard treatment options for CRC, most patients respond poorly to these treatments. Immunotherapies have gradually emerged due to the increasing awareness and understanding of tumor immunity, exhibiting good therapeutic efficacy in various cancers. Immunotherapies include cytokines, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), and adoptive cell therapies. In particular, ICIs, which are antibodies against cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), or its ligand PD-L1, have been successfully applied clinically for solid tumors, relieving the inhibitory effect of the tumor microenvironment on T cells. However, only a minority of patients with cancer achieve a durable cFrontiers in immunologyMechanism and strategies of immunotherapy resistance in colorectal cancer.PMC955089681872333, U1804281Shan JZhang YShen CHan DLei QfalseMechanism and strategies of immunotherapy resistance in colorectal cancer.Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the world. Although there are standard treatment options for CRC, most patients respond poorly to these treatments. Immunotherapies have gradually emerged due to the increasing awareness and understanding of tumor immunity, exhibiting good therapeutic efficacy in various cancers. Immunotherapies include cytokines, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), and adoptive cell therapies. In particular, ICIs, which are antibodies against cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), or its ligand PD-L1, have been successfully applied clinically for solid tumors, relieving the inhibitory effect of the tumor microenvironment on T cells. However, only a minority of patients with cancer achieve a durable c2022-01-01T00:00:00Z20222025-04-04T22:32:37.864Z2025-02-19T03:23:03.039ZS-EPMC95508963623827810.3389/fimmu.2022.1016646