biostudies-literatureChowdhury MHUniversiti Kebangsaan MalaysiaQatar National Research Fund558https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC9598342biostudies-literatureUnknown9(10)Respiratory ailments are a very serious health issue and can be life-threatening, especially for patients with COVID. Respiration rate (RR) is a very important vital health indicator for patients. Any abnormality in this metric indicates a deterioration in health. Hence, continuous monitoring of RR can act as an early indicator. Despite that, RR monitoring equipment is generally provided only to intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Recent studies have established the feasibility of using photoplethysmogram (PPG) signals to estimate RR. This paper proposes a deep-learning-based end-to-end solution for estimating RR directly from the PPG signal. The system was evaluated on two popular public datasets: VORTAL and BIDMC. A lightweight model, ConvMixer, outperformed all of the other deep neural Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)Lightweight End-to-End Deep Learning Solution for Estimating the Respiration Rate from Photoplethysmogram Signal.PMC9598342DIP-2020-004 and GUP-2021-019NPRP12S-0227-190164Chowdhury MHAli SHMReaz MBIBakar AAARahman SMChowdhury MEHAl Emadi NKhandakar AShuzan MNIMahmud SAyari MAfalseLightweight End-to-End Deep Learning Solution for Estimating the Respiration Rate from Photoplethysmogram Signal.Respiratory ailments are a very serious health issue and can be life-threatening, especially for patients with COVID. Respiration rate (RR) is a very important vital health indicator for patients. Any abnormality in this metric indicates a deterioration in health. Hence, continuous monitoring of RR can act as an early indicator. Despite that, RR monitoring equipment is generally provided only to intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Recent studies have established the feasibility of using photoplethysmogram (PPG) signals to estimate RR. This paper proposes a deep-learning-based end-to-end solution for estimating RR directly from the PPG signal. The system was evaluated on two popular public datasets: VORTAL and BIDMC. A lightweight model, ConvMixer, outperformed all of the other deep neural 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z2022 Oct2025-04-03T21:29:29.98Z2025-04-03T21:29:29.98ZS-EPMC95983423629052710.3390/bioengineering9100558