biostudies-literatureUnknown10Cronin DSHonda Development and Manufacturing of AmericaA primary objective of finite element human body models (HBMs) is to predict response and injury risk in impact scenarios, including cortical bone fracture initiation, fracture pattern, and the potential to simulate post-fracture injury to underlying soft tissues. Current HBMs have been challenged to predict the onset of failure and bone fracture patterns owing to the use of simplified failure criteria. In the present study, a continuum damage mechanics (CDM) model, incorporating observed mechanical response (orthotropy, asymmetry, damage), was coupled to a novel phenomenological effective strain fracture criterion based on stress triaxiality and investigated to predict cortical bone response under different modes of loading. Three loading cases were assessed: a coupon level notched shear Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology1022506https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC9618659biostudies-literatureCortical bone continuum damage mechanics constitutive model with stress triaxiality criterion to predict fracture initiation and pattern.PMC9618659Watson BGierczycka DCronin DSKhor FMalcolm SfalseCortical bone continuum damage mechanics constitutive model with stress triaxiality criterion to predict fracture initiation and pattern.A primary objective of finite element human body models (HBMs) is to predict response and injury risk in impact scenarios, including cortical bone fracture initiation, fracture pattern, and the potential to simulate post-fracture injury to underlying soft tissues. Current HBMs have been challenged to predict the onset of failure and bone fracture patterns owing to the use of simplified failure criteria. In the present study, a continuum damage mechanics (CDM) model, incorporating observed mechanical response (orthotropy, asymmetry, damage), was coupled to a novel phenomenological effective strain fracture criterion based on stress triaxiality and investigated to predict cortical bone response under different modes of loading. Three loading cases were assessed: a coupon level notched shear 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z20222025-04-05T13:27:41.436Z2025-04-05T13:27:41.436ZS-EPMC96186593632489110.3389/fbioe.2022.1022506