biostudies-literatureLiu DNational Cancer InstituteNCI NIH HHSNational Institute of General Medical SciencesNIGMS NIH HHS227-243https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC9632267biostudies-literatureUnknown57(3)The most common human lymphoid chromosomal translocations involve concurrent failures of the recombination activating gene (RAG) complex and Activation-Induced Deaminase (AID). These are two enzymes that are normally expressed for purposes of the two site-specific DNA recombination processes: V(D)J recombination and class switch recombination (CSR). First, though it is rare, a low level of expression of AID can introduce long-lived T:G mismatch lesions at 20-600 bp fragile zones. Second, the V(D)J recombination process can occasionally fail to rejoin coding ends, and this failure may permit an opportunity for Artemis:DNA-dependent kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) to convert the T:G mismatch sites at the fragile zones into double-strand breaks. The 20-600 bp fragile zones must be, at leaCritical reviews in biochemistry and molecular biologyThe mechanisms of human lymphoid chromosomal translocations and their medical relevance.PMC9632267R35 GM118009GM118009CA196671R01 CA196671Liu DLieber MRfalseThe mechanisms of human lymphoid chromosomal translocations and their medical relevance.The most common human lymphoid chromosomal translocations involve concurrent failures of the recombination activating gene (RAG) complex and Activation-Induced Deaminase (AID). These are two enzymes that are normally expressed for purposes of the two site-specific DNA recombination processes: V(D)J recombination and class switch recombination (CSR). First, though it is rare, a low level of expression of AID can introduce long-lived T:G mismatch lesions at 20-600 bp fragile zones. Second, the V(D)J recombination process can occasionally fail to rejoin coding ends, and this failure may permit an opportunity for Artemis:DNA-dependent kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) to convert the T:G mismatch sites at the fragile zones into double-strand breaks. The 20-600 bp fragile zones must be, at lea2022-01-01T00:00:00Z2022 Jun2025-04-26T17:45:32.572Z2025-04-06T15:35:51.552ZS-EPMC96322673487518610.1080/10409238.2021.2004576