biostudies-literatureMalhotra ANHLBI NIH HHSNational Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute76https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC9670396biostudies-literatureUnknown17(1)<h4>Background</h4>Historically, the focus of cost-effectiveness analyses has been on the costs to operate and deliver interventions after their initial design and launch. The costs related to design and implementation of interventions have often been omitted. Ignoring these costs leads to an underestimation of the true price of interventions and biases economic analyses toward favoring new interventions. This is especially true in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where implementation may require substantial up-front investment. This scoping review was conducted to explore the topics, depth, and availability of scientific literature on integrating implementation science into economic evaluations of health interventions in LMICs.<h4>Methods</h4>We searched Web of Science and PubMedImplementation science : ISEconomic evaluation of implementation science outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review.PMC9670396UG3 HL1544991UG3HL154501-01UG3 HL1563901UG3HL156390-011UG3HL156389-011UG3HL154499-011UG3HL156388-01U24 HL154426UG3 HL1563881U24HL154426-01UG3 HL156389UG3 HL154501Kagoya FBarker AHutchinson BEffah WSohn HMalhotra AMasiye FWatkins DMbewe PMosepele MSambo JCameron DBNewsome BPhiri JDavila-Roman VGLaxy MThompson RRDowdy DWfalseEconomic evaluation of implementation science outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: a scoping review.<h4>Background</h4>Historically, the focus of cost-effectiveness analyses has been on the costs to operate and deliver interventions after their initial design and launch. The costs related to design and implementation of interventions have often been omitted. Ignoring these costs leads to an underestimation of the true price of interventions and biases economic analyses toward favoring new interventions. This is especially true in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where implementation may require substantial up-front investment. This scoping review was conducted to explore the topics, depth, and availability of scientific literature on integrating implementation science into economic evaluations of health interventions in LMICs.<h4>Methods</h4>We searched Web of Science and PubMed2022-01-01T00:00:00Z2022 Nov2025-04-19T06:38:07.776Z2025-04-19T06:38:07.776ZS-EPMC96703963638480710.1186/s13012-022-01248-x