biostudies-literatureDall'Aglio LDutch Research Council (NWO)Erasmus Medisch Centrume78002https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC9708072biostudies-literatureUnknown11<h4>Background</h4>Associations between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and brain morphology have been reported, although with several inconsistencies. These may partly stem from confounding bias, which could distort associations and limit generalizability. We examined how associations between brain morphology and ADHD symptoms change with adjustments for potential confounders typically overlooked in the literature (aim 1), and for the intelligence quotient (IQ) and head motion, which are generally corrected for but play ambiguous roles (aim 2).<h4>Methods</h4>Participants were 10-year-old children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (<i>N</i> = 7722) and Generation R (<i>N</i> = 2531) Studies. Cortical area, volume, and thickness were measured with MRI and ADHDeLifeAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and brain morphology: Examining confounding bias.PMC9708072Sophia Foundation S18-20016.VICI.170.200NWO-ZonMW: 016.VICI.170.200Kim HHLamballais SDall'Aglio LMuetzel RLLabrecque JTiemeier HfalseAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and brain morphology: Examining confounding bias.<h4>Background</h4>Associations between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and brain morphology have been reported, although with several inconsistencies. These may partly stem from confounding bias, which could distort associations and limit generalizability. We examined how associations between brain morphology and ADHD symptoms change with adjustments for potential confounders typically overlooked in the literature (aim 1), and for the intelligence quotient (IQ) and head motion, which are generally corrected for but play ambiguous roles (aim 2).<h4>Methods</h4>Participants were 10-year-old children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (<i>N</i> = 7722) and Generation R (<i>N</i> = 2531) Studies. Cortical area, volume, and thickness were measured with MRI and ADHD2022-01-01T00:00:00Z2022 Nov2025-04-04T19:38:11.235Z2025-04-04T19:38:11.235ZS-EPMC97080723635012110.7554/eLife.78002