biostudies-literatureUnknown14(23)Ling WWith the advantages of benign mechanical property, electrochemical stability, and low cost, graphite fibers (GFs) have been widely used as electrodes for vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). However, GFs usually possess inferior electrochemical activity and ion diffusion kinetics for electrode reaction, vastly limiting their application in VRFBs. Here, a 3D carbon nanonetwork coated GFs with multi-heteroatom doping was constructed for application in VRFBs via low temperature polymerization between linear polymer monomer and phytic acid, and subsequent carbonization (900 °C) on the GFs (GF@PCNs-900). Benefiting from the 3D structural features and multi-heteroatom doping (O, N and P), the composite electrode displayed sufficient diffusion of vanadium ions, rapid electron conduction, and hiPolymers5269https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC9738268biostudies-literature3D Carbon Nanonetwork Coated Composite Electrode with Multi-Heteroatom Doping for High-Rate Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries.PMC9738268Ling WMo FWu Xfalse3D Carbon Nanonetwork Coated Composite Electrode with Multi-Heteroatom Doping for High-Rate Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries.With the advantages of benign mechanical property, electrochemical stability, and low cost, graphite fibers (GFs) have been widely used as electrodes for vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). However, GFs usually possess inferior electrochemical activity and ion diffusion kinetics for electrode reaction, vastly limiting their application in VRFBs. Here, a 3D carbon nanonetwork coated GFs with multi-heteroatom doping was constructed for application in VRFBs via low temperature polymerization between linear polymer monomer and phytic acid, and subsequent carbonization (900 °C) on the GFs (GF@PCNs-900). Benefiting from the 3D structural features and multi-heteroatom doping (O, N and P), the composite electrode displayed sufficient diffusion of vanadium ions, rapid electron conduction, and hi2022-01-01T00:00:00Z2022 Dec2025-04-20T03:33:39.335Z2025-04-20T03:33:39.335ZS-EPMC97382683650166310.3390/polym14235269