biostudies-literatureUnknown17(6)Jin SExtracellular vesicles (EVs)-based cell-free therapy, particularly stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (SC-EVs), offers new insights into treating a series of neurological disorders and becomes a promising candidate for alternative stem cell regenerative therapy. Currently, SC-EVs are considered direct therapeutic agents by themselves and/or dynamic delivery systems as they have a similar regenerative capacity of stem cells to promote neurogenesis and can easily load many functional small molecules to recipient cells in the central nervous system. Meanwhile, as non-living entities, SC-EVs avoid the uncontrollability and manufacturability limitations of live stem cell products <i>in vivo</i> (<i>e.g.</i>, low survival rate, immune response, and tumorigenicity) and <i>in vitro</i> (<i>e.g.</i>, restricted sources, complex preparation processes, poor quality control, low storage, shipping instability, and ethical controversy) by strict quality control system. Moreover, SC-EVs can be engineered or designed to enhance further overall yield, increase bioactivity, improve targeting, and extend their half-life. Here, this review provides an overview on the biological properties of SC-EVs, and the current progress in the strategies of native or bioengineered SC-EVs for nerve injury repairing is presented. Then we further summarize the challenges of recent research and perspectives for successful clinical application to advance SC-EVs from bench to bedside in neurological diseases.Asian journal of pharmaceutical sciences779-797https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC9800941biostudies-literatureNext generation of neurological therapeutics: Native and bioengineered extracellular vesicles derived from stem cells.PMC9800941Lv ZShen LLiu JJin STan CWang JKang LWang LfalseNext generation of neurological therapeutics: Native and bioengineered extracellular vesicles derived from stem cells.Extracellular vesicles (EVs)-based cell-free therapy, particularly stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (SC-EVs), offers new insights into treating a series of neurological disorders and becomes a promising candidate for alternative stem cell regenerative therapy. Currently, SC-EVs are considered direct therapeutic agents by themselves and/or dynamic delivery systems as they have a similar regenerative capacity of stem cells to promote neurogenesis and can easily load many functional small molecules to recipient cells in the central nervous system. Meanwhile, as non-living entities, SC-EVs avoid the uncontrollability and manufacturability limitations of live stem cell products <i>in vivo</i> (<i>e.g.</i>, low survival rate, immune response, and tumorigenicity) and <i>in vitro</i> (<i>e.g.</i>, restricted sources, complex preparation processes, poor quality control, low storage, shipping instability, and ethical controversy) by strict quality control system. Moreover, SC-EVs can be engineered or designed to enhance further overall yield, increase bioactivity, improve targeting, and extend their half-life. Here, this review provides an overview on the biological properties of SC-EVs, and the current progress in the strategies of native or bioengineered SC-EVs for nerve injury repairing is presented. Then we further summarize the challenges of recent research and perspectives for successful clinical application to advance SC-EVs from bench to bedside in neurological diseases.2022-01-01T00:00:00Z2022 Nov2025-04-04T08:33:44.726Z2025-04-04T08:33:44.726ZS-EPMC98009413660090310.1016/j.ajps.2022.10.002