biostudies-literatureYao CNIA NIH HHSNIAID NIH HHSNational Cancer InstituteNCI NIH HHSNational Institutes of HealthV Foundation for Cancer ResearchCancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas5013-5020https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC9835201biostudies-literatureUnknown28(23)Immunotherapy has made a significant impact in many tumors, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). RCC has been known to be immunoresponsive since the cytokine era of IFNα and IL2, but only a small number of patients had durable clinical benefit. Since then, discoveries of key tumor drivers, as well as an understanding of the contribution of angiogenesis and the tumor microenvironment (TME), has led to advances in drug development, ultimately transforming patient outcomes. Combinations of anti-angiogenic agents with immune checkpoint inhibitors are now standard of care. Current challenges include patient selection for immunotherapy combinations, resistance acquisition, and optimally sequencing therapies. Further discoveries about RCC biology, the TME, and resistance mechanisms will likely pave the way for the next generation of therapies.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer ResearchFacts and Hopes for Immunotherapy in Renal Cell Carcinoma.PMC9835201DP2 AI154450P50 CA196516R01 AI158294R00 AG0565241DP2AI154450RR210035V2020-05AG056524RR 210079Zhang TBrugarolas JYao CWu TfalseFacts and Hopes for Immunotherapy in Renal Cell Carcinoma.Immunotherapy has made a significant impact in many tumors, including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). RCC has been known to be immunoresponsive since the cytokine era of IFNα and IL2, but only a small number of patients had durable clinical benefit. Since then, discoveries of key tumor drivers, as well as an understanding of the contribution of angiogenesis and the tumor microenvironment (TME), has led to advances in drug development, ultimately transforming patient outcomes. Combinations of anti-angiogenic agents with immune checkpoint inhibitors are now standard of care. Current challenges include patient selection for immunotherapy combinations, resistance acquisition, and optimally sequencing therapies. Further discoveries about RCC biology, the TME, and resistance mechanisms will likely pave the way for the next generation of therapies.2022-01-01T00:00:00Z2022 Dec2025-04-04T20:21:28.722Z2025-02-19T04:20:43.584ZS-EPMC98352013581927210.1158/1078-0432.CCR-21-237210.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-2372