biostudies-literatureUnknown13Chen ZJPeople who self-identify as predominantly spiritual constitute a considerable and well-established part of the religious landscape in North America and Europe. Thus, further research is needed to document predictors, correlates, and outcomes associated with self-identifying primarily as a spiritual person. In the following set of studies, we contribute to some of these areas using data from German and United States adults. Study 1 (<i>n</i> = 3,491) used cross-sectional data to compare four religious/spiritual (R/S) self-identity groups-more religious than spiritual (MRTS), more spiritual than religious (MSTR), equally religious and spiritual (ERAS), and neither religious nor spiritual (NRNS)-on sociodemographic characteristics and a range of criterion variables (i.e., Big Five personalityFrontiers in psychology1025938https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC9846486biostudies-literatureMore spiritual than religious: Concurrent and longitudinal relations with personality traits, mystical experiences, and other individual characteristics.PMC9846486Cowden RGStreib HChen ZJfalseMore spiritual than religious: Concurrent and longitudinal relations with personality traits, mystical experiences, and other individual characteristics.People who self-identify as predominantly spiritual constitute a considerable and well-established part of the religious landscape in North America and Europe. Thus, further research is needed to document predictors, correlates, and outcomes associated with self-identifying primarily as a spiritual person. In the following set of studies, we contribute to some of these areas using data from German and United States adults. Study 1 (<i>n</i> = 3,491) used cross-sectional data to compare four religious/spiritual (R/S) self-identity groups-more religious than spiritual (MRTS), more spiritual than religious (MSTR), equally religious and spiritual (ERAS), and neither religious nor spiritual (NRNS)-on sociodemographic characteristics and a range of criterion variables (i.e., Big Five personality2022-01-01T00:00:00Z20222025-04-22T01:10:23.26Z2025-04-05T19:50:41.863ZS-EPMC98464863668786010.3389/fpsyg.2022.1025938