biostudies-literatureUnknown8(2)Rudatis PCo-doping represents a valid approach to maximize the performance of photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic semiconductors. Albeit theoretical predictions in hematite suggesting a bulk n-type doping and a surface p-type doping would deliver best results, hematite co-doping with coupled cations possessing low and high oxidation states has shown promising results. Herein, we report, for the first time, Sb and Li co-doping of hematite photoanodes. Particularly, this is also a seminal work for the introduction of the highly reactive Sb⁵⁺ directly into the hematite thin films. Upon co-doping, we have a synergistic effect on the current densities with a 67-fold improvement over the standard. Via a combined investigation with profuse photoelectrochemical measurements, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman analyses, we confirm the two doping roles of Sb⁵⁺ and Li⁺ as the substitutional and interstitial dopant, respectively. The improvements are attributed to a higher charge carrier concentration along with a lower charge transfer resistance at the surface.ACS omega2027-2033https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC9850461biostudies-literatureEnhanced Oxygen Evolution Reaction Activity in Hematite Photoanodes: Effect of Sb-Li Co-Doping.PMC9850461Rudatis PKremshuber SApaydin DHHrubesch JEder DfalseEnhanced Oxygen Evolution Reaction Activity in Hematite Photoanodes: Effect of Sb-Li Co-Doping.Co-doping represents a valid approach to maximize the performance of photocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic semiconductors. Albeit theoretical predictions in hematite suggesting a bulk n-type doping and a surface p-type doping would deliver best results, hematite co-doping with coupled cations possessing low and high oxidation states has shown promising results. Herein, we report, for the first time, Sb and Li co-doping of hematite photoanodes. Particularly, this is also a seminal work for the introduction of the highly reactive Sb⁵⁺ directly into the hematite thin films. Upon co-doping, we have a synergistic effect on the current densities with a 67-fold improvement over the standard. Via a combined investigation with profuse photoelectrochemical measurements, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman analyses, we confirm the two doping roles of Sb⁵⁺ and Li⁺ as the substitutional and interstitial dopant, respectively. The improvements are attributed to a higher charge carrier concentration along with a lower charge transfer resistance at the surface.2023-01-01T00:00:00Z2023 Jan2025-04-18T15:44:55.611Z2025-04-07T02:34:21.993ZS-EPMC98504613668702710.1021/acsomega.2c05241