{"database":"biostudies-literature","file_versions":[],"scores":null,"additional":{"omics_type":["Unknown"],"volume":["64(1)"],"submitter":["Xu X"],"pubmed_abstract":["<h4>Purpose</h4>A majority of in vitro models were incapable of reproducing the evaporation resistance of tear film lipid layer (TFLL) in vivo. The purpose of this research is to develop a novel in vitro model to study the effect of TFLL on water evaporation.<h4>Methods</h4>A ventilated, closed-chamber, droplet evaporimeter with a constant surface area has been invented to study the evaporation resistance of TFLL. This evaporimeter ensures a rigorous control of environmental conditions, including the temperature, relative humidity, airflow rate, surface area, and surface pressure, thus allowing for reproducible water evaporation measurements over a time period of only 5 minutes. The volumetric evaporation rate of this droplet evaporimeter is less than 2.7 µL/min, comparable to the basal tear production of healthy adults. Together with direct film imaging using atomic force microscopy (AFM), we have studied the effect of a model TFLL on water evaporation, as a function of the lipid composition and surface pressure.<h4>Results</h4>A model TFLL composed of 40% wax esters, 40% cholesteryl esters, and 20% polar lipids was capable of reducing the water evaporation rate by 11% at surface pressure 47 mN/m. AFM revealed that the model TFLL at high surface pressures consists of discrete droplets/aggregates of the nonpolar lipids residing atop a polar lipid monolayer with phase separation.<h4>Conclusions</h4>The TFLL may resist water evaporation with a combined mechanism by increasing film compactness of the polar lipid film at the air-water surface, and, to a lesser extent, by increasing film thickness of the nonpolar lipid film."],"journal":["Investigative ophthalmology & visual science"],"pagination":["13"],"full_dataset_link":["https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC9872843"],"repository":["biostudies-literature"],"pubmed_title":["Effect of Model Tear Film Lipid Layer on Water Evaporation."],"pmcid":["PMC9872843"],"pubmed_authors":["Li G","Zuo YY","Xu X"],"additional_accession":[]},"is_claimable":false,"name":"Effect of Model Tear Film Lipid Layer on Water Evaporation.","description":"<h4>Purpose</h4>A majority of in vitro models were incapable of reproducing the evaporation resistance of tear film lipid layer (TFLL) in vivo. The purpose of this research is to develop a novel in vitro model to study the effect of TFLL on water evaporation.<h4>Methods</h4>A ventilated, closed-chamber, droplet evaporimeter with a constant surface area has been invented to study the evaporation resistance of TFLL. This evaporimeter ensures a rigorous control of environmental conditions, including the temperature, relative humidity, airflow rate, surface area, and surface pressure, thus allowing for reproducible water evaporation measurements over a time period of only 5 minutes. The volumetric evaporation rate of this droplet evaporimeter is less than 2.7 µL/min, comparable to the basal tear production of healthy adults. Together with direct film imaging using atomic force microscopy (AFM), we have studied the effect of a model TFLL on water evaporation, as a function of the lipid composition and surface pressure.<h4>Results</h4>A model TFLL composed of 40% wax esters, 40% cholesteryl esters, and 20% polar lipids was capable of reducing the water evaporation rate by 11% at surface pressure 47 mN/m. AFM revealed that the model TFLL at high surface pressures consists of discrete droplets/aggregates of the nonpolar lipids residing atop a polar lipid monolayer with phase separation.<h4>Conclusions</h4>The TFLL may resist water evaporation with a combined mechanism by increasing film compactness of the polar lipid film at the air-water surface, and, to a lesser extent, by increasing film thickness of the nonpolar lipid film.","dates":{"release":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","publication":"2023 Jan","modification":"2025-04-04T12:20:58.779Z","creation":"2025-04-04T12:20:58.779Z"},"accession":"S-EPMC9872843","cross_references":{"pubmed":["36656568"],"doi":["10.1167/iovs.64.1.13"]}}