biostudies-literatureWittlin NMNICHD NIH HHSNIMHD NIH HHS207-232https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC9936952biostudies-literatureUnknown19Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) children and adolescents are an increasingly visible yet highly stigmatized group. These youth experience more psychological distress than not only their cisgender, heterosexual peers but also their cisgender, sexual minority peers. In this review, we document these mental health disparities and discuss potential explanations for them using a minority stress framework. We also discuss factors that may increase and decrease TGD youth's vulnerability to psychological distress. Further, we review interventions, including gender-affirming medical care, that may improve mental health in TGD youth. We conclude by discussing limitations of current research and suggestions for the future.Annual review of clinical psychologyMental Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse Youth.PMC9936952R01 HD092347F32 MD017147Kuper LEWittlin NMOlson KRfalseMental Health of Transgender and Gender Diverse Youth.Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) children and adolescents are an increasingly visible yet highly stigmatized group. These youth experience more psychological distress than not only their cisgender, heterosexual peers but also their cisgender, sexual minority peers. In this review, we document these mental health disparities and discuss potential explanations for them using a minority stress framework. We also discuss factors that may increase and decrease TGD youth's vulnerability to psychological distress. Further, we review interventions, including gender-affirming medical care, that may improve mental health in TGD youth. We conclude by discussing limitations of current research and suggestions for the future.2023-01-01T00:00:00Z2023 May2025-04-18T15:28:21.628Z2025-04-07T02:06:44.774ZS-EPMC99369523660833210.1146/annurev-clinpsy-072220-020326