biostudies-literatureUnknown218Bakaloudi DR<h4>Objectives</h4>COVID-19 and the implementation of lockdowns have impacted daily lives worldwide. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the impact of lockdowns on the smoking and vaping behaviours of adults during the pandemic.<h4>Study design</h4>This was a systematic review and meta-analysis.<h4>Methods</h4>A systematic literature search was conducted up to 28 April 2022 in the following databases: PubMed, Embase and Web of Science.<h4>Results</h4>In total, 77 studies met the inclusion criteria for this review. In 34 studies, an increase in smoking behaviour was reported for the majority of participants; however, in 21 and 18 studies, 'no change' and 'decrease' in smoking were the predominant responses, respectively. The results from the meta-analysis, which examined the change in the number of cigarettes smoked per day, showed no difference between the pre- and post-lockdown periods: 0.81 weighted mean difference (95% confidence interval, -0.59 to 2.21). Regarding vaping, three of seven studies reported an increase in smoking for the majority of participants, whereas 'no change' and 'decrease' were the predominant answers in the other four studies.<h4>Conclusions</h4>The results show that lockdowns led most participants to increase smoking/vaping, whereas a decrease or cessation of smoking/vaping was only reported in the minority of participants. Attention should be given to the non-communicable diseases that could arise as a result of the increase in smoking/vaping during lockdowns, and further research in this area is needed.Public health160-172https://www.ebi.ac.uk/biostudies/studies/S-EPMC9939396biostudies-literatureImpact of COVID-19 lockdown on smoking and vaping: systematic review and meta-analysis.PMC9939396Siargkas ABakaloudi DRChourdakis MEvripidou KBreda JfalseImpact of COVID-19 lockdown on smoking and vaping: systematic review and meta-analysis.<h4>Objectives</h4>COVID-19 and the implementation of lockdowns have impacted daily lives worldwide. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the impact of lockdowns on the smoking and vaping behaviours of adults during the pandemic.<h4>Study design</h4>This was a systematic review and meta-analysis.<h4>Methods</h4>A systematic literature search was conducted up to 28 April 2022 in the following databases: PubMed, Embase and Web of Science.<h4>Results</h4>In total, 77 studies met the inclusion criteria for this review. In 34 studies, an increase in smoking behaviour was reported for the majority of participants; however, in 21 and 18 studies, 'no change' and 'decrease' in smoking were the predominant responses, respectively. The results from the meta-analysis, which examined the change in the number of cigarettes smoked per day, showed no difference between the pre- and post-lockdown periods: 0.81 weighted mean difference (95% confidence interval, -0.59 to 2.21). Regarding vaping, three of seven studies reported an increase in smoking for the majority of participants, whereas 'no change' and 'decrease' were the predominant answers in the other four studies.<h4>Conclusions</h4>The results show that lockdowns led most participants to increase smoking/vaping, whereas a decrease or cessation of smoking/vaping was only reported in the minority of participants. Attention should be given to the non-communicable diseases that could arise as a result of the increase in smoking/vaping during lockdowns, and further research in this area is needed.2023-01-01T00:00:00Z2023 May2026-03-31T10:38:54.189Z2025-02-19T04:00:51.568ZS-EPMC99393963704394810.1016/j.puhe.2023.02.007